Civil Rights Movement http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/ en The Big Dreamer: James Meredith’s Fight for Integration http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/jamesmeredith <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Big Dreamer: James Meredith’s Fight for Integration</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">brogers</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/14/2023 - 14:08</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> March 2023 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Candace Mckenzie <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9" hreflang="en">African American</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/13" hreflang="en">Civil Rights Movement</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Growing Up in Kosciusko</strong><br /><br /> Nestled on the Yockanookany River a little over an hour's drive from Jackson, Kosciusko, Mississippi, was home to James Howard Meredith, who grew up on his family’s 84-acre farm.  Moses Meredith or “Captain”—James Meredith’s father— played a big role in his son’s life, and instilled pride and self-sufficiency in Meredith at a young age. Working on his family’s farm and dreaming of a world beyond Kosciusko, Meredith’s big dreams would ultimately change Mississippi and the nation. <br /><br /><strong>Starting Activism at a Young Age</strong><br /><br /> As the young Meredith grew into an independent and confident teenager, his dreams grew with him when he saw a picture of a White doctor as a football player at the University of Mississippi during a doctor’s visit. In that moment, Meredith knew that he wanted to attend the all-White University of Mississippi; however, an experience at age 15 in a segregated train caused him to “cry all the way home from Memphis.” This ride was Meredith’s first in a segregated train, so the young idealist could not understand the division between Black and White people of the South, having come from a close-knit yet sheltered upbringing under Moses Meredith. Although this incident affected Meredith, he persevered, serving as one of the first Black soldiers in the racially integrated U.S. armed forces from 1951 to 1960.  <br />   <br /> After being honorably discharged from the U.S. Air Force in 1960, Meredith focused his attention on uprooting White supremacy when he registered at historically Black Jackson State College, now Jackson State University. On the campus, he formed a secret society called the Mississippi Improvement Association of Students and left papers that called out White supremacy at the Governor’s Mansion and other politicians’ homes in a time when Black Mississippians could be murdered or beaten for defying White authority.  Meredith wanted to challenge Mississippi’s segregated higher education system by registering at one of its biggest and oldest public universities—the University of Mississippi. <br /><br /><strong>Enrolling at the University of Mississippi</strong><br /><br /> Applying to the University of Mississippi on January 20, 1961, Meredith was immediately rejected after writing in his application that he was a Black man. Unwavering in his mission to be admitted, he reached out to Medgar Evers, field secretary for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Working closely with Evers, the two young men mirrored each other in courage and boldness, and Meredith wrote to NAACP counsel Thurgood Marshall for legal help. Marshall assigned NAACP lawyers Constance Baker Motley and Jack Greenberg, and Meredith and his legal team worked together to gain admission. </p> <p><br /> The fight to attend the University of Mississippi took Meredith and his legal team all over Mississippi, where he appeared before several judges to argue that his admission to the public university was denied due to his skin color. At the same time, <em>Rebel Underground</em>—an anonymous, student-led newspaper at the University of Mississippi—printed papers promoting racial segregation while Mississippi governor Ross Barnett tried to stop Meredith’s admission. Although support poured in for Meredith from all over the world, resistance against his admission within the state was clear in articles that stated, “. . . Barnett is leading the state in this endeavor, and the state is unified behind him in this crusade as seldom as it has been united in any cause.” While he studied at Jackson State College, Meredith’s fight to attend the University of Mississippi lasted for sixteen months until the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals took his case on June 15, 1962. Meredith’s case then went to the highest court in the land—the U.S. Supreme Court. On September 10, 1962, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black granted Meredith admission to the University of Mississippi. However, another battle was brewing just around the corner. <br /><br /><strong>The Battle at the University of Mississippi </strong><br /><br /> After blocking Meredith’s enrollment for weeks, Governor Barnett reached a deal with U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy on September 30, 1962, to allow Meredith to register for his classes. Even though the day had arrived that he would finally walk through the doors of the university he fought to attend, Meredith’s entrance would not come without marked violence on the campus. Guarded by U.S. Marshals sent by the Kennedy administration, Meredith was quickly moved into a room at Baxter Hall—a dorm on campus—for his own protection. Outside, a mob of angry White students had formed, and they attacked the U.S. Marshals, calling them “n-word” lovers and communists and demanding that they bring Meredith out. <br /><br /> While U.S. Marshals tried to contain the chaos, the mob escalated into a full-blown riot of more than 2,500 people, gathering both students and non-students. Rocks, pebbles, and lit cigarettes were thrown, and one U.S. Marshal shared that some students even threw “soft drinks filled with acid from the college chemistry laboratories.” The violence escalated to Molotov cocktails thrown to set vehicles on fire and damage to cameras, other media equipment, and journalists’ vehicles while Meredith remained inside as the battle raged on to fight his integration of the school. Sometime during the night, the rioting turned deadly when two people were murdered in the violence—French journalist Paul Guihard and an unnamed young Oxford man. Although Federal troops eventually arrived to stop the rioting, more than 200 people had already been injured. Governor Barnett tried to call for peace, but the damage had been done. Not only would the University of Mississippi never be the same, but the state of Mississippi had changed within only a few hours. <br /><br /><strong>The Aftermath </strong><br /><br /> On October 1, 1962, Meredith finally registered for his classes, but his presence at the University of Mississippi drew hostility from students. While some students refused to attend classes with Meredith, others left classes early, causing class sizes to shrink or be completely empty. Additionally, unlike his peers, U.S. Marshals escorted Meredith around campus to protect him from the threat of violence. Despite being separated from his peers and constantly guarded by U.S. Marshals, Meredith graduated with a bachelor’s degree in August 1963. He also went on to earn his LL.B degree from Columbia Law School in 1968. <br /><br /> What was once a dream born in Kosciusko became a hard-won battle that opened doors for James Meredith and for Black people across the nation. Although Meredith is remembered as a force in the Civil Rights Movement, his journey also conveys a universal struggle of perseverance and bravery in the face of extreme adversity. This aspect of his story is one that generations—both current and future—can use as inspiration to seek and enact justice, peace, and equality inside their communities and across the globe. </p> <p><em>Candace Mckenzie is a public information officer at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.</em><br />  </p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>“About James Meredith”. UM History of Integration. The University of Mississippi. Accessed November 21, 2022. <a href="https://50years.olemiss.edu/james-meredith/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="UM History of Integration">https://50years.olemiss.edu/james-meredith/</a>.</p> <p><br /> Doyle, William. <em>An American Insurrection: The Battle of Oxford, Mississippi 1962</em>. New York. Random House, Inc, 2001.</p> <p><br /> Goudsouzian, Aram. <em>Man on a Mission: James Meredith and the Battle of Ole Miss</em>. The University of Arkansas Press, 2022.</p> <p><br /> “James Meredith: American Civil Rights Activist and Author”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed November 21, 2022. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Meredith" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="James Meredith in Britannica Encyclopedia">https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Meredith</a>.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2023-02/Meredith%20Evers.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;James Meredith with NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers. 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Citation: Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, &quot;Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Photograph,&quot; May 11, 1967, SCRID# 3-11-0-25-1-1-1-cph, Series 2515: Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records, 1994-2006, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, April 20, 2006." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7194-W2j-wxXyKQM" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Photo of James Meredith. Citation: Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, &quot;Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Photograph,&quot; May 11, 1967, SCRID# 3-11-0-25-1-1-1-cph, Series 2515: Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records, 1994-2006, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, April 20, 2006.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Photo of James Meredith. Citation: Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, &quot;Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Photograph,&quot; May 11, 1967, SCRID# 3-11-0-25-1-1-1-cph, Series 2515: Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records, 1994-2006, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, April 20, 2006.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2023-02/meredith%203.jpg" width="242" height="300" alt="Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Photo of James Meredith. Citation: Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, &quot;Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Photograph,&quot; May 11, 1967, SCRID# 3-11-0-25-1-1-1-cph, Series 2515: Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records, 1994-2006, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, April 20, 2006." title="Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Photo of James Meredith. Citation: Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, &quot;Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Photograph,&quot; May 11, 1967, SCRID# 3-11-0-25-1-1-1-cph, Series 2515: Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records, 1994-2006, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, April 20, 2006." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/node/7191" hreflang="en">The Big Dreamer: Meredith&#039;s Fight for Integration Lesson Plan</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 14 Feb 2023 20:08:49 +0000 brogers 7194 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov The Big Dreamer: Meredith's Fight for Integration Lesson Plan http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7191 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Big Dreamer: Meredith&#039;s Fight for Integration Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/jamesmeredith" hreflang="en">The Big Dreamer: James Meredith’s Fight for Integration</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/2" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">kbaker</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 10/20/2022 - 14:45</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Use prior knowledge on the Civil Rights Movement, integration in Mississippi, and the struggle for equality of African Americans.</div> <div class="field__item">Analyze the article’s terminology through discussion and individual research.</div> <div class="field__item">Synthesize information to answer and create their own questions from both the text and the photographs included in the article.</div> <div class="field__item">Explore events and information from the life of James Meredith</div> <div class="field__item">Create a news heading and photo caption about James Meredith. </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><p> </p> <h2>Mississippi Studies</h2> <ul><li>MS. 8 Evaluate the role of Mississippi in the Civil Rights Movement.</li> </ul><h2>US History: 1877 to Present</h2> <ul><li>US.3.2 - Trace the development of political, social, and cultural movements and subsequent reforms, including:  Jim Crow laws, Plessy vs. Ferguson, women’s suffrage, temperance  movement, Niagara movement, public education,  the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and Marcus Garvey.</li> <li>US.3.4 - Trace national legislation resulting from and affecting  the Progressive Movement, including: the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act.</li> <li>US.5.7 - Debate the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including: the role of women, the Red Scare, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.</li> <li>US.11.3 Explain contributions of individuals and groups to the modern Civil Rights Movement, including Martin Luther King Jr., James Meredith, Medgar Evers, Thurgood Marshall, the Southern Christain Leadership Conference, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Congress of Racial Equality, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the civil rights foot soldiers.</li> <li>US.11.6 Describe the accomplishments of the modern civil rights movement, including: the growth of the African American middle class, increased political power, and declining rates of African American poverty.</li> </ul><h2>Problems in American Democracy </h2> <ul><li>PAD.8 Examine how and under what circumstances state governments and the federal government have expanded or constrained the civil and political rights of African Americans and other groups since the Civil War.</li> </ul><h2>African American Studies </h2> <ul><li>AAS.8 Analyze the success and failures of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.</li> </ul><h2>Minority Studies </h2> <ul><li>MIN.2 Trace the group dynamics that play a role in the marginalization of minority groups.</li> <li>MIN.6 Examine the major events, methods, and leaders of the Civil Rights Movement.</li> <li>MIN.8 Examine contemporary issues related to the treatment of minority groups.</li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 8-12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-before-the-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-before-the-lesson field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Before the Lesson</div> <div class="field__item">Students should read &quot;Big Dreamer&quot; and have a knowledge of the included vocabulary terms. It will be helpful if the students have prior knowledge of the early stages of the modern Civil Rights Movement as well as the south&#039;s segregated society.</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><h2>Vocabulary</h2> <p><b>communists: </b>people who believe in a political and economic system that seeks to create a classless society; all things are divided equally for all people </p> <p><strong>crusade: </strong>a strong course of action for political, social, or religious change</p> <p><strong>integration: </strong>incorporation as equals into society or an organization of individuals of differing groups; countering racial segregation </p> <p><strong>mob:</strong> a large and disorderly group of people, especially one bent on destructive action</p> <p><strong>Molotov cocktails: </strong>a hand-thrown weapon that bursts into flame, made in a fragile container of flammable substances with a fuse</p> <p><strong>National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): </strong>established in 1909 and is America's oldest and largest civil rights organization</p> <p><strong>perseverance: </strong>continuing on with something even though it is hard or there is a delay in success</p> <p><strong>riot</strong>: a violent public disorder specifically a disturbance of the public peace by three or more persons assembled together and acting with a common intent</p> <p><strong>segregated: </strong>the separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area, by barriers to social intercourse, by separate educational facilities, or by other discriminatory means</p> <p><b>self-sufficiency: </b>the ability to provide what is necessary without the help of others</p> <h2>Questions</h2> <p>After reading the article, students should be able to answer and discuss the following questions.</p> <p>1. What are some reasons other than race people may be discriminated against when it comes to college admission?</p> <p>2. Why do you think self-sufficiency was such an important quality to James Meredith's father?</p> <p>3. What would have been some of the notable differences between a segregated and desegregated train station?</p> <p>4. Why was the riot at the University of Mississippi so interesting to the media? Do you think a similar event would gain this same type of attention in today's media? Why do you think that?</p> <p>5. Who was the US Attorney General during James Meredith's attempts to register at the University of Mississippi?</p> <p>6. What do you think life was like for James Meredith during his attendance at the University of Mississippi?</p> <p>7. What qualities did James Meredith possess that allowed him to be successful in integrating the University of Mississippi?</p> <p>8. Looking at the photograph of people walking with their hands up, what is the first thing you notice? Discuss some of the differences you notice between the groups of people here. </p> <h2>Answers</h2> <p>Student answers will vary; however, they should show thoughtfulness and an understanding of the facts of the article.</p> <p>1. College admissions could discriminate based on age, gender, religious beliefs, social and economic status or even family background. </p> <p>2. James Meredith's father likely valued self-sufficiency because as a farmer it was the best way to keep his family fed. Dependence on others meant they could go without things they needed.</p> <p>3. Differences easily noticed would have been separate entrances for African Americans; signs on restroom facilities were also quite different. White men usually had a smoking room while Black men had to smoke outside the station. </p> <p>4. All media wanted to show the sensationalism of the event no matter the side they were on.  Generally, riots and protests on college campuses have always received large amounts of media attention and would be no different today. These answers will vary but should show thought and understanding of the question.</p> <p>5. Robert F. Kennedy, brother of President John F. Kennedy, was the U.S. Attorney General at the time of Meredith's enrollment.</p> <p>6. These answers from students will vary, but a general thoughtfulness and an understanding of the question should be obvious in their answer. Lead the students to the photograph of Meredith in the virtually empty classroom.</p> <p>7. Students will have varying answers here, but a majority should see his confidence in his abilities and the courage that he displayed in order to see this endeavor through to the end. </p> <p>8. Students should notice the tactical gear being worn by the national guard, their weapons and the large number of them. They should also notice the students lack of visible weapons and how they are being led. Discussion should lend itself to the reasons for this photo.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-further-reading-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-further-reading-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Reading</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/1961-in-mississippi-beyond-the-freedom-riders" target="_blank">1961 in Mississippi: Beyond the Freedom Riders</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/The-1964-Mississippi-Freedom-Schools" target="_blank">The 1964 Mississippi Freedom Schools</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/the-citizens-council" target="_blank">The Citizens&#039; Council</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/delta-state-protest" target="_blank">Student Protest at Delta State College in March 1969</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Kari Baker</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/13" hreflang="en">Civil Rights Movement</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/rosenwald-schools-in-mississippi" target="_blank">Rosenwald Schools in Mississippi</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/the-mississippi-civil-rights-movement-1955-1970-when-youth-protest" target="_blank">When Youth Protest: The Mississippi Civil Rights Movement</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/medgar-evers-and-the-origin-of-the-civil-rights-movement-in-mississippi" target="_blank">Medgar Evers and the Origin of the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 20 Oct 2022 19:45:19 +0000 kbaker 7191 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Student Protest at Delta State College in March 1969 http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/lesson-plan/student-protest-delta-state-college-march-1969 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Student Protest at Delta State College in March 1969</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/delta-state-protest" hreflang="en">Student Protest at Delta State College in March 1969</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">brogers</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/29/2022 - 16:16</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Explore important information about the event that took place at Delta State College in 1969. </div> <div class="field__item">Use prior knowledge on the Civil Rights Movement, integration in Mississippi, and the struggle for equality of African Americans. </div> <div class="field__item">Analyze the article’s terminology through discussion and individual research.</div> <div class="field__item">Synthesize information to answer questions from both the text and the photographs included in the article.</div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Mandatory: Computer/Tablet with internet access Optional: Printed article, writing utensils</div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Mississippi Studies</p> <ul><li>MS.8 Evaluate the role of Mississippi in the Civil Rights Movement.</li> </ul><p>US History: 1877 to Present</p> <ul><li>US.11 Civil Rights Movement: Evaluate the impact of the Civil Rights Movement on social and political change in the United States.</li> </ul><p>Problems in American Democracy</p> <ul><li>PAD.8 Examine how and under what circumstances state governments and the federal government have expanded or constrained the civil and political rights of African Americans and other groups since the Civil War.</li> </ul><p>African American Studies</p> <ul><li>AAS.8 Analyze the success and failures of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.</li> </ul><p>Minority Studies</p> <ul><li>MIN.2 Trace the group dynamics that play a role in the marginalization of minority groups.</li> <li>MIN.6 Examine the major events, methods, and leaders of the Civil Rights Movement.</li> <li>MIN.8 Examine contemporary issues related to the treatment of minority groups.</li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 8-12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-before-the-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-before-the-lesson field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Before the Lesson</div> <div class="field__item">Students should read “Delta State Sit-in” and have a knowledge of the Civil Rights Movement. The students will need to understand the vocabulary included here.</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><p> </p> <h2 style="margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Vocabulary:</span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Integration</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">:</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#303336"> incorporation as equals into society or an organization of individuals of different groups; countering racial segregation</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Segregation</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">: </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#303336">the separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area, by barriers to social intercourse, by separate educational facilities, or by other discriminatory means</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Discrimination</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">: prejudiced or prejudicial outlook, action, or treatment</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Equitable</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">: having or exhibiting equity; dealing fairly and equally with all concerned </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Derogatory</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">: expressive of a low opinion; disparaging</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Unconstitutional</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">: something that is in direct disagreement with the U.S. Constitution and its principles</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Agitator:</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"> one who stirs up public feeling on controversial issues</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">In Sync</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">: in a state in which two or more people or things move or happen together at the same time and speed </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Liaison:</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"> a person who establishes and maintains communication for mutual understanding and cooperation</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">White Supremacy</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">: the belief that the white race is inherently superior to other races and that white people should have control over people of other races</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Sit-In</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">: an act of sitting in the seats or on the floor of an establishment as a means of organized protest </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Oral History</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">: a recording containing information about the past obtained from in-depth interviews concerning personal experiences, recollections, and reflections</span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol><li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The teacher will discuss the events that led to the Civil Rights Movement and the participation of Mississippi’s youth all over the state. (<i>Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka</i>, death of Emmett Till, James Meredith’s integration of Ole Miss, and the read-in of the Tougaloo Nine)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The teacher will review the vocabulary with the students clearing up any questions or misunderstandings of terminology. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">It is at the teacher’s discretion to have the students read the article previously or as a class. It is also at the teacher’s discretion to have the students work cooperatively in groups or individually.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The teacher will use the answered questions as classroom discussion starters. (This works well in a classroom where students understand the depth and emotion of the issues in the article.)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Questions:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol><li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">What are some examples of resistance to integration, both from the article and others you have previously heard about?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Why was Donald Sutton seen as the “lead agitator” of this event?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">What did those involved in the sit-in realize once they were taken from Parchman to the Bolivar County Courthouse?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Who was the first Black student to attend Delta State College?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">What events led up to the sit-in?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">What was “the straw that broke the camel’s back” according to Maggie Crawford?    </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">List some of the demands the Black Student Organization presented to the college.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">How did those African Americans who attended Delta State College foster a community of belonging for themselves?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">What did Malcom X and the Watts rebellion have to do with the Delta State sit-in?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Where were the students taken once they were arrested? Why was this surprising? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Why do the sit-ins matter today?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Answers:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol><li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Arkansas governor blocking the integration of Central High School, Mississippi governor blocking James Meredith from enrolling in Ole Miss, Alabama governor blocking the admission of two African American students to the University of Alabama, and any other of the many instances of groups and governments blocking proper integration are acceptable.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Donald Sutton was the liaison between the college students and known members on the Civil Rights Movement in the Delta area.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The students realized the Black community was there to support them in their efforts.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Shirley Washington was the first Black student to integrate Delta State College.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The Black Student Organization was tired of the president of Delta State College ignoring their demands. They had marched so many times before that they decided they would sit at his office until he spoke to them.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">According to Maggie Crawford, the straw that broke the camel’s back was a fight in the cafeteria. A student named James Kennedy was struck and had a seizure and never recovered.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The Black Student Organization demanded equal representation in student organizations, addition of African American courses, and hiring of African American teachers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Black students took care of one another by walking places together and keeping a protective eye out for each other. This helped create a safer feeling among the African American students.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The assassination of Malcom X mobilized students into action all over the country. They were tired of the mistreatment and empowered by other Black students across the country to stand up.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The students were taken to Parchman. This was surprising because it is a maximum-security state facility reserved for serious criminals.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This open-ended question will differ from student to student.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-further-reading-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-further-reading-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Reading</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEFX9icGlSg" target="_blank">Voices of the Delta State Sit-in Documentary produced by the authors of this article. We strongly suggest showing it after completing the lesson. Approximate time is 30 minutes. </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-citizens-council" target="_blank">The Citizens&#039; Council</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-civil-rights-movement-in-mississippi-on-violence-and-nonviolence" target="_blank">On Violence and Nonviolence: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/medgar-evers-and-the-origin-of-the-civil-rights-movement-in-mississippi" target="_blank">Medgar Evers and the Origin of the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Kari Baker</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9" hreflang="en">African American</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/13" hreflang="en">Civil Rights Movement</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/17" hreflang="en">Education</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-mississippi-civil-rights-movement-1955-1970-when-youth-protest" target="_blank">https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-mississippi-civil-rights-movement-1955-1970-when-youth-protest</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 29 Sep 2022 21:16:39 +0000 brogers 7190 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Student Protest at Delta State College in March 1969 http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/delta-state-protest <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Student Protest at Delta State College in March 1969</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">brogers</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 09/27/2022 - 11:16</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> October 2022 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Arlene Sanders, Carrie Freshour, and Sykina Butts <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9" hreflang="en">African American</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/13" hreflang="en">Civil Rights Movement</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/17" hreflang="en">Education</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Today, legal and institutionally supported racial segregation within places of higher learning feels like a thing of the past. Yet, integration and increased representation of students of color, especially Black students, did not come easily in the Mississippi Delta even after racial segregation was outlawed. On the federal level, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation within public schools was unconstitutional through the 1954 case, Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka. </p> <p>Movements to desegregate public schools took place across the South. White leadership in many places resisted integration with the aid of local law enforcement and even state support. For example, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus used the National Guard to block entry for the “Little Rock Nine” attempting to integrate Central High School. In Mississippi, Clyde Kennard, an African American veteran from Hattiesburg, was barred from enrolling in Mississippi Southern College in the late 1950s. As a result of his efforts, he was later falsely accused and convicted of minor crimes and sent to Parchman Prison. In 1962, the federal court ordered the University of Mississippi to admit its first Black student, James Meredith, resulting in mob violence and federal intervention. </p> <p>While many Mississippians know the story of James Meredith, less is known about the Black Campus Movement at smaller, public regional colleges and universities across the South, such as Delta State University, located in the Mississippi Delta town of Cleveland. In this article, we recount this history at Delta State College (as it was known until 1974), drawing from publicly available archives and oral histories with former students who participated in the 1969 sit-ins and faculty, past and present, conducted by students from 2019 to 2021. </p> <p><strong>Integration and Anti-Black Racism at DSC</strong></p> <p>Although racial segregation in public schools was declared unconstitutional in 1954, Delta State did not admit its first Black student, Shirley Antoinette Washington, until 1967. Integration was met with resistance and public opposition, and the relationships among Black students and White students and faculty remained tense. There were no Black professors or counselors at the time, and the only Black people students saw worked as custodians, groundskeepers, and laundry attendants. </p> <p>Although there were a few “good” White people on campus, former Black students recall mistreatment by faculty and students alike ranging from being automatically placed in remedial classes, called the “n-word,” living in segregated dorms, and physical harassment or avoidance by most White students. The Black students got especially tired of mistreatment by faculty who were supposed to be teaching them. For example, Maggie Crawford recalls being passed over by a White instructor who later assumed she was cheating. In spite of all of this, Black students built a small community who took care of one another. Muriel Lucas comments on this relationship:</p> <blockquote> <p>There was a small group of us on campus, and I can’t really tell you how many there were, but immediately those of us who lived on campus, we were together, because there was safety in numbers. And I can remember some of the men saying to us, “Don’t go anywhere on this campus alone, if at 8:00 or 9:00 at night you need to go to the library, you call us first. Don’t go out walking on this campus by yourself.” And I just never did it. But when I think back on the offer, these were men, most of them, I think, were there when I got there. And they were protective, they were loving, and they were respectful. I always felt safe with them.</p> </blockquote> <p>With growing visibility, Black students had to keep each other safe. Unrest grew among a group of Black students on campus, in sync with the larger Black student movement across the state and the country.</p> <p><strong>The Cafeteria Fight, aka the Straw that Broke the Camel’s Back</strong></p> <p>Although Delta State was legally integrated, White students made simple movement on campus difficult for Black students. Going to the cafeteria became one of the most difficult activities as a semi-social space without much faculty supervision. As one student put it, there was an “unspoken rule” that the cafeteria remain segregated. Therefore, according to Murial Lucas, Black students timed their trips to go together and to sit at the same table. Oral history participants remember the cafeteria as the site of numerous standoffs between White and Black students. The death of a Black student named James Kennedy was the “straw that broke the camel’s back” according to Maggie Crawford. During a cafeteria fight between Black and White students, a White student struck Kennedy who reportedly had a seizure during the incident. Crawford recalls that Kennedy never fully recovered and eventually died. Kennedy’s death alongside other incidents of discrimination led fifty-one Black students, and one White student, to decide, in Crawford’s words, “Enough is enough!”</p> <p><strong>Leading up to the Sit-In</strong></p> <p>Across Mississippi and the country, Black students organized at universities in the Black Campus Movement from 1965 to 1972. According to historian Ibram Rogers, students were motivated by the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965 and the Watts rebellion months later. <br /> Organizing activities took place at historically Black institutions such as Tuskegee University, Howard University, Southern University, Mississippi Valley State University, and Jackson State University, just to name a few. </p> <p>Many of the African Americans at Delta State witnessed or knew students at other universities who organized around Black student demands. In the weeks leading up to the Delta State sit-in, Black students formed the Black Student Organization (BSO) in 1969. Vietnam veteran Beverly Perkins became the president, inspired by the disconnect he felt in fighting for his country only to return to racism at home. Through the BSO, Black students were able to document all their individual experiences of discrimination on campus and build relationships to one another. The Wesley Foundation, a Methodist student ministry located near campus, became a meeting place for students to congregate (Yvonne Stanford, Jennifer Buckner).</p> <p>At Delta State, the sit-in was the result of planning and preparation, and students often worked with civil rights leaders from the surrounding community, such as Fannie Lou Hamer, Amzie Moore, and Owen Brooks. BSO member Donald Sutton was the liaison between Brooks and Beverly Perkins, so Sutton was often assumed by outsiders to be the lead agitator. </p> <p>The leaders of the BSO wrote a document entitled “Black Student Demands,” which began with a simple letter expressing concern around the treatment of Black students and the need for “proportionate participation” for the “well being of Black students.” Following the letter were ten demands for a Black counselor, Black instructors, the end of derogatory language regarding Black students, fairness in grading, fairness in determining campus access, scholarships, Black history and books in the library, and Black representation within student government. </p> <p>The BSO presented Delta State’s president, James Ewing, with these demands on February 27, 1969, giving him a week to respond. The students clearly stated their intentions to continue exerting pressure on the Delta State administration if their goals were not met, not as a threat to the administration, but “to convey [their] feelings in a sincere and straightforward manner.” In other words, they made their demands known clearly and succinctly and were prepared to act if the administration failed to meet their demands. After the week passed, Black students held an open meeting at 10 a.m. on Thursday March 6, 1969. According to Ed Williams, about seventy students attended the meeting to prepare a response to the administration’s dismissal of their demands.</p> <p>After the meeting, the students made their way to Kethley Hall, the administration building on campus, to reiterate their demands. Around 12:30 p.m., the students sat alongside the walls outside of President Ewing’s office to bring attention to their cause. Muriel McCraney recalls siting peacefully without blocking access to the building nor the hallway. Her remembrance was corroborated by William Pennington, who was an instructor in philosophy at Delta State College. William Pennington in his recollection stated, “As I walked inside I saw all the students sitting against the walls on either side of the hallway with their feet sticking out onto the floor.” He would be called later to testify on behalf of the sit-in protestors. (Tapestry 2005, pp. 55-61)<br />  <br /><strong>March 10, 1969—The Sit In</strong></p> <p>Disregarded by Ewing, the group of Black students, led by the Black Student Organization, realized that in order to get action, they had to take matters into their own hands. On March 10, 1969, they met in the Union at noon. Next, they marched on campus singing freedom songs, chanting, and carrying signs. Muriel Lucas, Talmadge Davis, and Maggie Crawford recall leaving the Union to go to President Ewing’s home. They sat on his lawn, singing and chanting, but when they realized he was not home, they headed for Kethley Hall. The BSO led the march, but many Black students were accidentally caught up in the action. While the BSO planned and organized around the demands, there are mixed recollections as to whether the actual sit-in was planned or more spontaneous, an outcome of the momentum and excitement the students felt. According to Yvonne Stanford, once they got to Kethley, the students were told that the police would be called if they did not leave. They remember President Ewing coming out and asking them to disperse. Muriel Lucas recalls the group telling Ewing’s secretary, “We’re not going until he’ll talk to us at least. Just talk to us.” When Ewing refused to address their demands, the students remained.</p> <p>James Powers, a sympathetic White student and Student Government Association president at the time, remembers asking, “Who’s the leader here?” and the students responded, “We have no leaders. We’re all leaders.” This statement was also confirmed in <em>Miss Delta</em>, the student publication at the time (March 17, 1969). After several refusals to leave the building, the administration called the police, who confronted the students and took them outside. They were placed under arrest for disrupting the classes at the college by Mississippi state highway patrolmen armed with bully sticks, riot gear, shields, and helmets. Some students remembered police dogs. This was an eye opening experience for these students. Lucas remembers one sympathetic White student who said, “If you take them, you have to take me too.” Other White students applauded the efforts and tactics of the administration. Lucas recounts what happened next:</p> <blockquote> <p>And so when I stepped out of the Kethley building, as we stepped out the door facing Highway 8 of Sunflower Road, a crowd had gathered. But there were national guardsmen, there were policemen, they had on riot gear, they had on gas masks, they had guns in their hands. And I thought, “God, they’re ready to kill us.” And I’ve always thought that had we not been on a White campus they probably would have, but they didn’t. We were put on the bus, taken to Parchman.</p> </blockquote> <p>Many students jokingly recall that they were put on a black bus. Former BSO member Lula Jones remembers that half hour bus ride to the infamous Parchman Prison. She worried, “Where are they taking us? Are they going to take us all out and hang us?” When they arrived at Parchman, the reluctant warden temporarily housed the students on Death Row. He gave them playing cards and allowed them to sing and congregate with each other. They sang freedom songs until other inmates yelled for them to quiet down.</p> <p><strong>After Parchman</strong><br />  <br /> After one night in Parchman, the students were released through the support of the Black community in Cleveland. Owen Brooks made sure the students’ parents did not bond them out with money, but instead used property bonds (Maggie Crawford, Muriel Lucas). Muriel Lucas recalls the support of the community when the students returned to Cleveland and found the courtroom full of Black people.</p> <blockquote> <p>The yard, the house in the courtroom full of Black people, in their maid dresses, in their work clothes, in their farm clothes, it was full of Black people. That’s what I remember. And they came, many of them with paper in their hand. They were going to put up their houses to make sure that we got out of jail. To this day, they didn’t know us. But they were determined that they would do everything they could to make sure that we didn’t spend another night in jail. I grew up that night.</p> </blockquote> <p>After students were bonded out, they had to face individual hearings on campus. Don Sutton, the presumed leader of the sit-in, was especially targeted. Although individual acts of discrimination continued on campus, former students remember their grades were equitably calculated and faculty no longer called them the “n-word” in class. Delta State did eventually hire more Black faculty and staff. It is difficult to determine how many of the other demands were met, but the university never created a Black history course, nor were Black history books intentionally added to the library or curriculum. </p> <p>The current generation can take inspiration from the struggles of the 1969 BSO Sit-in to enact change in their own communities. Today, students at Delta State University benefit from the efforts of these courageous young Black students. More than fifty years later their actions serve as an inspiration for those seeking justice, peace, and equity.</p> <p><em>Arlene Sanders retired as an instructor of political science at Delta State University. Carrie Freshour teaches geography at the University of Washington, but was previously at Delta State. Sykina Butts is a multimedia journalist at Delta News and a 2019 graduate of Delta State. All three are associate producers of the documentary,</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEFX9icGlSg" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Voices From the Sit-in">Voices From the Sit-in</a>.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h2 class="MsoNormal">Sources:</h2> <p class="MsoNormal">Oral interviews with Maggie Crawford, Yvonne Stanford, Talmadge Davis, Muriel Lucas, Lula Jones, and Vertis Johnson</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/KETHLEY%20HALL%20%281%29.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Kethley Hall protestors (l to r) Lela Westbrook, Joyce Dugan, Don Jacobs, Jerome Lyles, James Williams, and Martha Grayer. 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Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/KETHLEY%20HALL%20%283%29.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Kethley Hall protestors on March 10, 1969 at Delta State College. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Delta State Students&quot;}" role="button" title="Kethley Hall protestors on March 10, 1969 at Delta State College. 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Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/KETHLEY%20HALL%20%284%29.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Kethley Hall protestors (l to r) Lela Westbrook, Mary Louis, Lee Greene, Vertis Johnson, George Watts, and Effie Sledge. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Delta State Students&quot;}" role="button" title="Kethley Hall protestors (l to r) Lela Westbrook, Mary Louis, Lee Greene, Vertis Johnson, George Watts, and Effie Sledge. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7189-W2j-wxXyKQM" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Kethley Hall protestors (l to r) Lela Westbrook, Mary Louis, Lee Greene, Vertis Johnson, George Watts, and Effie Sledge. 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Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/KETHLEY%20HALL%20%285%29.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Kethley Hall protestors (l to r) Pearlie White, Sharon Burnett, Roy Allen, Willie Cherry, and Talmadge Davis. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Delta State Students&quot;}" role="button" title="Kethley Hall protestors (l to r) Pearlie White, Sharon Burnett, Roy Allen, Willie Cherry, and Talmadge Davis. 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Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/KETHLEY%20HALL%20%286%29.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Kethley Hall protestors (l to r) Maggie Daily, Joyce Dugan, Sonny Garner, Jerome Lyles, Jennifer Buckner, James Williams, and Martha Grayer. 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Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Delta State Students&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-09/KETHLEY%20HALL%20%286%29.jpg" width="657" height="398" alt="Delta State Students" title="Kethley Hall protestors (l to r) Maggie Daily, Joyce Dugan, Sonny Garner, Jerome Lyles, Jennifer Buckner, James Williams, and Martha Grayer. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Protestors%20on%20the%20President%27s%20Lawn.JPG" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Students protest on the lawn of the college president. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Delta State Students&quot;}" role="button" title="Students protest on the lawn of the college president. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7189-W2j-wxXyKQM" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Students protest on the lawn of the college president. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Delta State Students&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-09/Protestors%20on%20the%20President%27s%20Lawn.JPG" width="570" height="396" alt="Delta State Students" title="Students protest on the lawn of the college president. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Student%20Protest.JPG" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Students protest on the lawn of the college president. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Delta State Students&quot;}" role="button" title="Students protest on the lawn of the college president. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7189-W2j-wxXyKQM" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Students protest on the lawn of the college president. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Delta State Students&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-09/Student%20Protest.JPG" width="384" height="567" alt="Delta State Students" title="Students protest on the lawn of the college president. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Freeman%20and%20Thomas.JPG" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Thomas Freeman and Luther Thomas march in protest. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Delta State Students&quot;}" role="button" title="Thomas Freeman and Luther Thomas march in protest. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7189-W2j-wxXyKQM" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Thomas Freeman and Luther Thomas march in protest. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Delta State Students&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-09/Freeman%20and%20Thomas.JPG" width="556" height="407" alt="Delta State Students" title="Thomas Freeman and Luther Thomas march in protest. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Barbara%20McClinton.JPG" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Barbara McClinton and a fellow student march at the home of the college president. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Delta State Students&quot;}" role="button" title="Barbara McClinton and a fellow student march at the home of the college president. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7189-W2j-wxXyKQM" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Barbara McClinton and a fellow student march at the home of the college president. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Delta State Students&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-09/Barbara%20McClinton.JPG" width="379" height="565" alt="Delta State Students" title="Barbara McClinton and a fellow student march at the home of the college president. Courtesy of Delta State University Archives and Museums." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Parchman%20Penitentiary.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Parchman Prison, about a half hour drive northeast of Cleveland.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Parchman Prison&quot;}" role="button" title="Parchman Prison, about a half hour drive northeast of Cleveland." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7189-W2j-wxXyKQM" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Parchman Prison, about a half hour drive northeast of Cleveland.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Parchman Prison&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-09/Parchman%20Penitentiary.jpg" width="1280" height="720" alt="Parchman Prison" title="Parchman Prison, about a half hour drive northeast of Cleveland." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/lesson-plan/student-protest-delta-state-college-march-1969" hreflang="en">Student Protest at Delta State College in March 1969</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 27 Sep 2022 16:16:45 +0000 brogers 7189 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov The Role of Lawyers in the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/role-lawyers-civil-rights-movement-mississippi <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Role of Lawyers in the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/113" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">smuroff</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/22/2022 - 16:16</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> February 2022 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Sarah C. Campbell <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9" hreflang="en">African American</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/13" hreflang="en">Civil Rights Movement</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23" hreflang="en">Mississippi Government</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p paraeid="{9a78471b-4d34-4f12-b18a-a8a8778b53e1}{178}" paraid="411291711">In the early twentieth century, Black people in Mississippi who aimed to exercise their rights as citizens of the United States had few allies. State and local government officials, acting under the authority of the 1890 state constitution, blocked efforts by black citizens to vote and operated separate schools for White and Black children. In other states, by the 1930s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had developed a strategy to gain full citizenship rights: use the courts. What NAACP lawyers argued, on behalf of Black citizen clients, was that rights guaranteed in the federal constitution could not be taken away by state or local laws. Though this strategy was starting to bear fruit in cases such as Smith v. Allwright, in which the Supreme Court in 1944 overturned a Texas law that allowed for Whites-only primary elections, it was slow to blossom in Mississippi. </p> <p paraeid="{dd036d62-c2d3-4ecc-93b6-48c9328f8b10}{91}" paraid="1316975584">Bringing cases like those the NAACP was pursuing elsewhere required at a minimum two willing parties: a person, or people, denied constitutional rights and a lawyer. In Mississippi, where retaliation against efforts by Black people to claim basic rights could include job loss, eviction, beatings and, in some cases, death, it was not easy to find an aggrieved person who could withstand the pressure. It was even harder to find a lawyer. As the 1950s drew to a close, there were only four Black lawyers in the state and only three of them, R. Jess Brown, Carsie Hall, and Jack Young Sr., were willing to take on civil rights cases. Only one White Mississippi lawyer, William Higgs, a 1955 Harvard Law graduate from Coahoma County, would pursue such cases. </p> <p paraeid="{dd036d62-c2d3-4ecc-93b6-48c9328f8b10}{213}" paraid="574546325">In 1958, Mississippi's first NAACP-backed voting rights case was filed in Jefferson Davis County on behalf of Reverend H. D. Darby, a Black minister from Prentiss, and other Black residents in the county who had been prevented from registering to vote. Darby and the other plaintiffs were represented by Brown and three attorneys for the New York–based NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)—Thurgood Marshall, Constance Baker Motley, and Robert L. Carter. Mississippi, like many states, required that at least one lawyer involved in a case be licensed in the state where the court was located. In agreeing to participate in the Darby case, Brown faced possible disbarment and criminal prosecution under a state law, later determined to be unconstitutional. In a transparent effort to thwart cases supported by the NAACP, state legislators had passed a law prohibiting lawyers licensed by the state from “accepting fees from individuals or organizations, for the purpose of filing suits to change the policy of the state.” </p> <p paraeid="{87a46d51-a84b-4310-8801-c4571d1d73b5}{74}" paraid="1689444799">The dearth of Black lawyers was itself a result of Mississippi’s White supremacist history. The only public law school in Mississippi, at the University of Mississippi in Oxford, did not admit Black students until 1963. Lawyers who had graduated from “Ole Miss” law school had the privilege of admission to the bar without having to pass the state’s bar exam. The only private law school in Mississippi, the then-named Jackson School of Law, remained segregated into the 1970s. Brown had attended Texas Southern University Law School. Hall and Young were mail carriers for the United States Postal Service, who had “read” law as apprentices under the supervision of Sidney Redmond, a Black Harvard Law graduate who practiced primarily in St. Louis, Missouri. Young and Hall passed the Mississippi bar in 1951 and 1954, respectively. </p> <p paraeid="{87a46d51-a84b-4310-8801-c4571d1d73b5}{178}" paraid="1395543472">One or more of these four lawyers–Brown, Hall, Higgs and Young–were often paired with out-of-state lawyers in the early high profile civil rights cases in Mississippi: the defense of Mack Charles Parker, accused of raping a White woman and lynched while awaiting trial (1959); the defense of Clyde Kennard on trumped-up theft charges after he applied repeatedly to integrate Mississippi Southern College (1959); the defense of Freedom Riders arrested for entering segregated waiting rooms and restrooms in bus stations in Jackson (1961); and James Meredith’s suit challenging the University of Mississippi’s Whites-only admission policy (1962). “In the very beginning, an out-of-state lawyer, even though he was a lawyer, he could not practice,” Hall recalled during a 1979 panel discussion at Tougaloo College.  “We would have to take it to court, you know, and introduce him, and then he would have his say. Just (four) lawyers, you know, we couldn’t take lawyers all over the state. So you see how people were hemmed in.” </p> <p paraeid="{5d8fdcd9-5a14-4f39-8619-c0eda384ba24}{35}" paraid="1238886856">The more civil rights activists pressed their case for citizenship rights in Mississippi, the more the state power structure pushed back. Between 1954 and the early 1960s, the Mississippi Legislature passed a series of laws aimed at protecting White supremacy, including “a sweeping ‘breach of the peace’ statute making it a crime to advocate, urge, or encourage ‘disobedience to any law of the State of Mississippi, and nonconformance with the established traditions, customs, and usages of the State of Mississippi.” (Dittmer) This led to arrests on a massive scale—sometimes hundreds a day in multiple towns—and it became clear that Mississippi’s civil rights activists were going to need more lawyers. “This was a crisis of whether or not there was going to be a constitution in this country … and what was required was the direct legal intervention of the people themselves, with their own lawyers,” recalled Arthur Kinoy, a New York lawyer who worked extensively in Mississippi. The role of lawyers, he argued, was “helping to lift the power of the power structure from your back so you can solve the fundamental problems, and move forward in your struggle.” </p> <p paraeid="{5d8fdcd9-5a14-4f39-8619-c0eda384ba24}{145}" paraid="1932725722">In addition to the NAACP LDF, three other national organizations—the National Lawyers Guild, the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, and the Lawyers' Constitutional Defense Committee—sent lawyers to Mississippi, and all four eventually opened offices in the state. Each organization had slightly different priorities and developed expertise in specific areas. The Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, for example, was formed in 1963 after President John F. Kennedy convened a meeting of 244 lawyers in the White House and asked private lawyers to lend their expertise to the struggle. Kennedy’s hope was that confrontations between protesters and state officials could be shifted from public view and into the courts. Hundreds of lawyers answered the call to be “missionaries to the bar” in Mississippi, some spending their two-week vacations, some much longer to push for civil rights through the law. </p> <p paraeid="{5d8fdcd9-5a14-4f39-8619-c0eda384ba24}{227}" paraid="234537967">Moving the civil rights battle into the courts in Mississippi, however, did not initially bring much relief. Whether defending against a ‘breach of peace’ in criminal court or seeking the right to register to vote in a civil case, lawyers found little justice in the state court system. Mirroring the political structure, Mississippi’s courts were also defenders of White supremacy. White prosecutors pressed serious charges, White jurors voted to convict, and judges handed down sentences and levied fines. Facing such a monolithic state response, the out-of-state lawyers needed a way to get their cases heard in federal court, where they could appeal to rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution. To do so, they revived a Reconstruction-era statute, the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which allowed defendants who alleged they could not enforce their equal rights in state court to file a removal petition to transfer a case to federal court. </p> <p paraeid="{81962911-6171-4896-8deb-1bb14379ba56}{104}" paraid="419708226">The removal strategy is just one example of the creative thinking the civil rights lawyers in Mississippi used to relieve the pressure on civil rights activists. Lawyers such as Marian Wright Edelman, Mel Leventhal, and Frank Parker also did the tedious, years-long work of developing the arguments that led to landmark decisions from the U.S. Supreme Court in the areas of school desegregation (Alexander v. Holmes) and voting rights (Connor v. Johnson). Lawyers and law students fanned out across the state to collect affidavits to document the myriad ways state, local, and political party officials prevented Black citizens from voting. This work was critical in passage of the Voting Rights Act and in litigation for its enforcement. </p> <p paraeid="{81962911-6171-4896-8deb-1bb14379ba56}{180}" paraid="1430103877">In 1967, another type of lawyer joined the fight. Reuben Anderson, the first Black graduate of the University of Mississippi Law School, began his career at the Mississippi office of the NAACP LDF. One year later, he was joined at LDF by another Mississippi native, Fred Banks, who had graduated from Howard University Law School. In 1970, Constance Slaughter-Harvey, the first Black woman to earn a law degree from the University of Mississippi, joined the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. Anderson, Banks, and Slaughter-Harvey continued working on civil rights cases, and later moved into the political and judicial arenas that the civil rights movement had forced open: the Mississippi Legislature (Banks, in 1975), the local judiciary (Slaughter-Harvey, 1976), the state Supreme Court (Anderson, in 1985, and Banks, in 1991), and state government (Slaughter-Harvey, from 1980-1992).  </p> <p paraeid="{b0394083-caa2-4ef9-aa6d-7c795321f960}{63}" paraid="383519283">The lawyers’ role in the civil rights movement was necessary, but as the lawyers themselves acknowledge, it was not sufficient. The people most essential to the movement were the ones who courageously stepped forward and made the demand for equal citizenship rights. “My greatest appreciation was for our clients,” Banks wrote. “The Reaves and other plaintiffs in Benton County, the Carters in Drew, the Cowans in Bolivar County, the Ayers in Washington County, Rev. Killingsworth, Rev. Barnhardt, the Gladneys, and others who soon followed Medgar Evers and Gilbert Mason and Dovie Hudson and signed on as plaintiffs in search of a better education for their children and their community.” </p> <p paraeid="{b0394083-caa2-4ef9-aa6d-7c795321f960}{63}" paraid="383519283"><em>Sarah C. Campbell is director of programs and publications at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History. She co-wrote the documentary,</em> The Defenders: How Lawyers Protected the Movement.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>Bibliography</h3> <p paraeid="{0c61fee0-b1e0-491d-8a7c-acd3e45a0875}{169}" paraid="500779679">Banks, Fred L. Jr. “Mississippi, Law and the Decade of the 60s,” unpublished paper provided to the writer by the author. </p> <p paraeid="{0c61fee0-b1e0-491d-8a7c-acd3e45a0875}{173}" paraid="1824937312">Dittmer, John. <em>Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi</em>. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994. </p> <p paraeid="{0c61fee0-b1e0-491d-8a7c-acd3e45a0875}{181}" paraid="270490944">“History,” Lawyers’ Committee For Civil Rights Under Law, accessed April 14, 2020, <a href="https://lawyerscommittee.org/history/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">https://lawyerscommittee.org/history/</a>.  </p> <p paraeid="{0c61fee0-b1e0-491d-8a7c-acd3e45a0875}{190}" paraid="1723528498">“National Lawyers Guild,” Digital SNCC Gateway, accessed April 14, 2020, <a href="https://snccdigital.org/inside-sncc/alliances-relationships/national-lawyers-guild/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">https://snccdigital.org/inside-sncc/alliances-relationships/national-lawyers-guild/</a>.  </p> <p paraeid="{0c61fee0-b1e0-491d-8a7c-acd3e45a0875}{199}" paraid="264643549">Parker, Frank R. <em>Black Votes Count: Political Empowerment in Mississippi after 1965</em>. Chapel Hill and London, 1990. </p> <p paraeid="{0c61fee0-b1e0-491d-8a7c-acd3e45a0875}{207}" paraid="225167223">“Pro-Bono Lawyers,” Digital SNCC Gateway, accessed April 14, 2020, <a href="https://snccdigital.org/inside-sncc/alliances-relationships/pro-bono-lawyers/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">https://snccdigital.org/inside-sncc/alliances-relationships/pro-bono-lawyers/</a>. </p> <p paraeid="{0c61fee0-b1e0-491d-8a7c-acd3e45a0875}{216}" paraid="286201294">“Race and the Administration of Justice,” transcript of session held on November 1, 1979, during the “Freedom Summer Reviewed” conference at Tougaloo College. Transcribed by John Jones. MDAH collection. </p> <p paraeid="{0c61fee0-b1e0-491d-8a7c-acd3e45a0875}{224}" paraid="2111174251">Spriggs, Kent. <em>Voices of Civil Rights Lawyers: Reflections from the Deep South, 1964-1980</em>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2017. </p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/2022-02/113961-1-photonegative%20cropped%20Beadle%20image%20of%20group%20of%20men%20including%20Jack%20Young%20jpg%20for%20web.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Jack Young Sr., pictured second from left, was one of three lawyers who took on civil rights cases in the 1950s and early 1960s. 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Beadle.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-02/113961-1-photonegative%20cropped%20Beadle%20image%20of%20group%20of%20men%20including%20Jack%20Young%20jpg%20for%20web.jpg" width="5388" height="3437" alt="Jack Young Sr., pictured second from left, was one of three lawyers who took on civil rights cases in the 1950s and early 1960s. Photo by Richard H. Beadle." title="Jack Young Sr., pictured second from left, was one of three lawyers who took on civil rights cases in the 1950s and early 1960s. Photo by Richard H. Beadle." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/2022-02/Meredith%2C%20Motley%2C%20and%20Brown%20in%20Meridian%20jpg%20for%20web.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;James Meredith (left) sued the University of Mississippi in 1961 after being denied admission to the school. Meredith was represented by Constance Baker Motley (center), a New York-based attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and R. Jess Brown of Jackson. Photo courtesy of The Associated Press.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;James Meredith (left) sued the University of Mississippi in 1961 after being denied admission to the school. Meredith was represented by Constance Baker Motley (center), a New York-based attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and R. Jess Brown of Jackson.&quot;}" role="button" title="James Meredith (left) sued the University of Mississippi in 1961 after being denied admission to the school. Meredith was represented by Constance Baker Motley (center), a New York-based attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and R. Jess Brown of Jackson. Photo courtesy of The Associated Press." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7186-8L9idgNCo9A" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;James Meredith (left) sued the University of Mississippi in 1961 after being denied admission to the school. Meredith was represented by Constance Baker Motley (center), a New York-based attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and R. Jess Brown of Jackson. Photo courtesy of The Associated Press.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;James Meredith (left) sued the University of Mississippi in 1961 after being denied admission to the school. Meredith was represented by Constance Baker Motley (center), a New York-based attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and R. Jess Brown of Jackson.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-02/Meredith%2C%20Motley%2C%20and%20Brown%20in%20Meridian%20jpg%20for%20web.jpg" width="654" height="750" alt="James Meredith (left) sued the University of Mississippi in 1961 after being denied admission to the school. 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Photo courtesy of The Associated Press." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/2022-02/Fred%20Banks%20at%20Desk%20jpg%20for%20web.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Fred Banks joined the NAACP Legal Defense Fund’s Jackson office in 1968. Photo by Jim Peppler courtesy of the Alabama Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Fred Banks joined the NAACP Legal Defense Fund’s Jackson office in 1968. Photo by Jim Peppler courtesy of the Alabama Department of Archives and History.&quot;}" role="button" title="Fred Banks joined the NAACP Legal Defense Fund’s Jackson office in 1968. Photo by Jim Peppler courtesy of the Alabama Department of Archives and History." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7186-8L9idgNCo9A" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Fred Banks joined the NAACP Legal Defense Fund’s Jackson office in 1968. Photo by Jim Peppler courtesy of the Alabama Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Fred Banks joined the NAACP Legal Defense Fund’s Jackson office in 1968. Photo by Jim Peppler courtesy of the Alabama Department of Archives and History.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-02/Fred%20Banks%20at%20Desk%20jpg%20for%20web.jpg" width="720" height="488" alt="Fred Banks joined the NAACP Legal Defense Fund’s Jackson office in 1968. Photo by Jim Peppler courtesy of the Alabama Department of Archives and History." title="Fred Banks joined the NAACP Legal Defense Fund’s Jackson office in 1968. Photo by Jim Peppler courtesy of the Alabama Department of Archives and History." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/2022-02/Harvey%20ca%201971%20-%20ADAH%20jpg%20for%20web.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;In 1970, Constance Slaughter-Harvey, the first Black woman to earn a law degree from the University of Mississippi, joined the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. 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Photo by Jim Peppler courtesy of the Alabama Department of Archives and History." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-media--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-media.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-media.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-media field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-oembed--derivative-video--provider-youtube.html.twig * media--source-oembed--derivative-video.html.twig * media--remote-video--full.html.twig * media--remote-video.html.twig * media--full.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="media media--type-remote-video media--view-mode-full"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-oembed-video--remote-video.html.twig * field--media--field-media-oembed-video.html.twig * field--media--remote-video.html.twig * field--field-media-oembed-video.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-media-oembed-video field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><iframe src="/media/oembed?url=https%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DyQZK7YmMIQg&amp;max_width=0&amp;max_height=0&amp;hash=udUDOQ0LfXfGOy7lNAXuguv78Jd7ezzcMsv_54yoVmo" frameborder="0" allowtransparency width="200" height="113" class="media-oembed-content" title="The Defenders: How Lawyers Protected The Movement"></iframe> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </article> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/node/7185" hreflang="en">The Role of Lawyers in the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi Lesson Plan</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 22 Feb 2022 22:16:04 +0000 smuroff 7186 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov The Role of Lawyers in the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi Lesson Plan http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7185 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Role of Lawyers in the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/role-lawyers-civil-rights-movement-mississippi" hreflang="en">The Role of Lawyers in the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/113" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">smuroff</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/22/2022 - 15:52</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Explore key Black lawyers in Mississippi’s Civil Rights movement </div> <div class="field__item">Analyze court cases important to Mississippi’s civil rights history </div> <div class="field__item">Create visuals contextualizing the court cases, a chosen lawyer, and their importance in Mississippi history </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Computer/tablet with internet access </div> <div class="field__item">Paper and writing utensils </div> <div class="field__item">Butcher paper </div> <div class="field__item">Colored pencils/markers/crayons </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h3><em>Mississippi Studies</em></h3> <ul><li>MS.7.1 – Analyze the significant figures, groups, events, and strategies of the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi. </li> </ul><h3><em>US History: 1877 to Present</em></h3> <ul><li>US.11.3 - Explain contributions of individuals and groups to the modern Civil Rights Movement, including: Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, Medgar Evers, Thurgood Marshall, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the civil rights foot soldiers. </li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 8 through 12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-before-the-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-before-the-lesson field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Before the Lesson</div> <div class="field__item">Students will read The Role of Lawyers in the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi and the Mississippi Encyclopedia article on R. Jess Brown, Carsie A. Hall, and Jack H. Young, Sr. </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><ol><li>The teacher will ask students about the importance of court cases to the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, according to the assigned readings.  </li> <li>The teacher will ask students questions (suggestions provided) related to the articles and previous lessons. The class will then discuss those potential answers, with evidence from previous lessons or the readings.  <ul><li>Why were so few lawyers willing to take on civil rights cases in Mississippi? </li> <li>Why did the three Black lawyers you read about frequently work with out-of-state lawyers?  </li> <li>How successful were the three Black lawyers you read about? </li> </ul></li> <li class="reset-number">The teacher will then instruct each student to research court cases that the three Black lawyers were involved in. Students can select court cases mentioned in the article or research the lawyers to find cases. Each student will take that information and create a general timeline of the court cases. The timeline should be brief, as this step is to give students a cursory understanding of a breadth of cases. Suggestions for information students can list on the timeline:  <ul><li>Name of case </li> <li>Lawyers on the case (identifying prosecution v. defense) </li> <li>Outcome of the case </li> </ul></li> <li>Students will each then select one court case to more thoroughly research, providing a detailed synopsis that can be presented to the class or typed up and displayed. Students should also detail the ongoing impact of the court case, connecting it to the modern day if plausible. </li> <li>Students can then take their detailed case synopses and, using butcher paper and colored pencils/markers/crayons, create a class-wide timeline with more detailed information. </li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Sarah C. Campbell</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9" hreflang="en">African American</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/13" hreflang="en">Civil Rights Movement</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23" hreflang="en">Mississippi Government</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/role-lawyers-civil-rights-movement-mississippi" target="_blank">The Role of Lawyers in the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/r-jess-brown-carsie-a-hall-and-jack-h-young-sr/" target="_blank">Mississippi Encyclopedia Article </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://da.mdah.ms.gov/sovcom/" target="_blank">Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Files</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 22 Feb 2022 21:52:55 +0000 smuroff 7185 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Building the Collective “voice of Negro women in Mississippi”: The National Council of Negro Women in Mississippi in the 1960s and 1970s Lesson Plan http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/lesson-plan/building-the-collective-%E2%80%9Cvoice-of-negro-women-in-Mississippi%22-the-national-council-of-negro-women-in-mississippi-in-the-1960s-and-1970s <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Building the Collective “voice of Negro women in Mississippi”: The National Council of Negro Women in Mississippi in the 1960s and 1970s Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 06/18/2020 - 00:00</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>OVERVIEW</h2> <p>With this article, Rebecca Tuuri introduces the history, mission, and innovative female leaders who championed the National Council of Negro Women from its inception in 1935 through its spread and successes specifically in the state of Mississippi during the 20th century. Focusing on NCNW’s efforts to unite diverse social and political organizations, Tuuri describes how the National Council for Negro Women has worked to support Black women in achieving leadership roles, promoting health and education, and achieving Black pride in Mississippi communities.</p> <h2>TEACHING LEVELS</h2> <p>Grades 7 - 12</p> <h2>CURRICULAR CONNECTIONS</h2> <p><strong>2018 Mississippi College-and Career-Readiness Standards for the Social Studies</strong></p> <p><strong>Relevant Strands: Civics, History, Civil Rights, Geography, Economics</strong></p> <h4><em>Mississippi Studies</em></h4> <ul><li>MS.8 Evaluate the role of Mississippi in the Civil Rights Movement.</li> </ul><h4><em>US History: 1877 to Present</em></h4> <ul><li>US.11 Civil Rights Movement: Evaluate the impact of the Civil Rights Movement on social and political change in the United States.</li> </ul><h4><em>US Government</em></h4> <ul><li>USG.7 Describe and evaluate the role, rights, and responsibility of a citizen in the American democracy.</li> </ul><h4><em>Problems in American Democracy</em></h4> <ul><li>PAD.8 Examine how and under what circumstances state governments and the federal government have expanded or constrained the civil and political rights of African-Americans and other groups since the Civil War.</li> <li>PAD.9 Describe the major events in U.S. history related to the rights and status of women.</li> </ul><h4><em>African American Studies</em></h4> <ul><li>AAS.8 Analyze the successes and failures of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States</li> <li>AAS.9 Debate the issues confronting contemporary African Americans in the continuing struggle for equality.</li> </ul><h4><em>Minority Studies</em></h4> <ul><li>MIN.4 Examine the Women’s Rights Movement from 1848 to present day.</li> <li>MIN.6 Examine the major events, methods, and leaders of the Civil Rights Movement</li> </ul><h2>PROPOSED TIME FRAME</h2> <p>Two to three 50-minute class periods <em>(flexible based on which tasks are deemed applicable to each course, and which are completed in class together or assigned as independent work to be completed outside of the classroom)</em></p> <h2>MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT</h2> <ol><li><em>Mississippi History Now</em> article, <em>Building the Collective “voice of Negro women in Mississippi”: The National Council of Negro Women in Mississippi in the 1960s and 1970s</em> by Rebecca Tuuri</li> <li>Group Discussion Questions</li> <li>Computer or tablet with internet access, multiple devices per class</li> <li>Printing capacity</li> <li>White board</li> <li>Paper</li> <li>Pen/pencil</li> <li>Highlighter</li> <li>Poster boards</li> <li>(Optional: markers / art supplies of choice / scissors &amp; glue / butcher paper / rulers)</li> </ol><h2>LESSON INTRODUCTION</h2> <h4>Pre-teaching:</h4> <p>Brainstorm with students what comes to mind when you think about civil rights in Mississippi. Keep track of responses on white board (set timer to keep this activity brief). Some answers may be Medgar Ever, Freedom Summer, and Fanny Lou Hamer.</p> <p>How many women did your students mention? What era did they focus the most on? Did they mention Mississippi specific events and people? Did they focus on national narratives and activists such as Martin Luther King Jr.?</p> <p>Introduce Rebecca Tuuri’s article, Building the Collective “voice of Negro women in Mississippi”: The National Council of Negro Women in Mississippi in the 1960s and 1970s.</p> <h4>Introduction</h4> <ol><li>Access Civil Rights timeline for context (Depending on when in your history course and how you use this article, students may need more or less context for events mentioned)</li> <li>Assign the article, Building the Collective “Voice of Negro Women in Mississippi”: The National Council of Negro Women in Mississippi in the 1960s and 1970s, for students to read prior to class as homework, or read aloud as a class as time permits.</li> </ol><p>This timeline from Mississippi Department of Archives and History can be viewed by era or by year, and links to records of related artifacts within their collections.</p> <p><a href="https://www.mdah.ms.gov/timeline/zone/8/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.mdah.ms.gov/timeline/zone/8/</a></p> <h2>CLASS DISCUSSION</h2> <p><strong>Article Specific Group Discussion Questions</strong></p> <p>After reading the article, <em>Building the Collective “Voice of Negro Women in Mississippi”: The National Council of Negro Women in Mississippi in the 1960s and 1970s</em>, have students answer the following questions independently, then bring the students back together for a class discussion.</p> <ul><li>What is Dorothy Height seeking to do in November of 1966?</li> <li>What is the mission of NCNW during the 1960s and 1970s?</li> <li>Who was Mary McLeod Bethune, and what were some of her contributions to history?</li> <li>Why does Dorothy Height first bring her attention to Mississippi?</li> <li>What is the relationship of NCNW to Wednesday in Mississippi (WIMS) and Womanpower Unlimited?</li> <li>What did WIMS hope to achieve within the state of MS? Was it successful?</li> <li>What is the relationship of NCNW to Head Start projects around the state of Mississippi in the 1960s?</li> <li>What is the significance of NCNW achieving tax-exempt (501(c)3 status) in May of 1966?</li> <li>Name two poverty projects that NCNW women engaged in during the 1960s and 1970s.</li> <li>Was NCNW of greater influence in Mississippi in the 1940s and 1950s, or in the 1960s and 1970s?</li> <li>What is NCNW’s present day status? What issues are its contemporary focus?</li> </ul><h4>Activity 1</h4> <p>Transform the important dates / years / events in the text of this article into a visual timeline.</p> <ol><li>Highlight the key dates and events from article that tell the story of NCNW.</li> <li>Highlight key people and when their stories interact with NCNW in Mississippi.</li> <li class="reset-number">Select focus years and have students present to one another upon completion. You may choose to have a students work in groups, each covering the entirety of the article, or break into decades or other convenient segments based on your course goals). <ul><li>Create a physical timeline in your classroom. You will need a roll of butcher paper, rulers, pencils, pens, and markers</li> <li>Utilize an online timeline creation tool and incorporate images, graphics, and create an interactive timeline. (sutori.com is free and geared to educators and students)</li> </ul></li> </ol><h5>Extension Option</h5> <p>Post student timelines online.</p> <h4>Activity 2</h4> <p>Research the individual contributions and personal biographies of the female leaders mentioned within Tuuri’s article.</p> <ol><li>Have students create a list of leaders mentioned in the article.</li> <li>Have students compare their list to the original list in the pre-teaching and note the differences. Point out how the article highlights female leadership during the movement. <ul><li>Examples from the article: Dorothy Height, Mary McLeod Bethune, Clarie Collins Harvey, Polly Cowan, Ruth Batson, Annie Devine, Fannie Lou Hamer, Unita Blackwell, Jeanette Smith, and Jessie Mosley.</li> </ul></li> <li>Break students into teams, and assign each team a different woman to research, or let them select based on personal interest.</li> <li>Have students prepare presentations (PowerPoint/Keynote/Prezi /“living wax museum” first person theatrical presentation/presenter or teacher’s choice) to their classmates to extend their learning and refine speaking and communication skills.</li> </ol><h4>Activity 3</h4> <p>Alphabet Soup:</p> <ol><li>Identify major organizations listed within article.</li> <li>Ask students: <ul><li>How many different organizational acronyms are mentioned here?</li> <li>What do they have in common?</li> <li>Identify which organizations focused only on women and which focused only on Mississippi?</li> </ul></li> <li>Have students use Worksheet A: Alphabet Soup! to investigate these organizations using the key reporters’ questions (Who, What, When, Where, Why, &amp; How).</li> <li>Have students create recruitment posters for each of the organizations (or focus exclusively on NCNW), imagining they were living during the middle of the 20th Century.</li> <li>Ask students to answer these questions prior to creating their poster: <ul><li>Who would you be targeting to join your cause?</li> <li>How do you visually attract those people to your sign?</li> <li>What are your organization’s major initiatives during this period? Can you express them succinctly?</li> <li>You have limited text space – what do you NEED to say? What can be visually expressed?</li> <li>What change does your organization want to see?</li> </ul></li> <li>Hang completed posters in classroom/school.</li> </ol><h4>Activity 4</h4> <p>NCNW Compare &amp; Contrast: How do NCNW’s earlier projects compare with their current initiatives?</p> <ol><li>Utilizing Tuuri’s article choose 3 activities, interests, or initiatives that NCNW championed during the 20th century.</li> <li>From NCNW’s current web presence, locate 3 (or more) of their ongoing projects. <a href="https://ncnw.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://ncnw.org/</a>"</li> <li>Discussion Questions <ul><li>What do these activities and initiatives have in common?</li> <li>How are they different?</li> <li>Who is NCNW’s primary audience?</li> <li>Who are they trying to reach with their work?</li> <li>Has their mission changed?</li> <li>What tools did these women use to bring their organizations together in the 20th century, and what tools do they use now?</li> </ul></li> </ol><h2>EXIT TICKET ACTIVITY</h2> <p>What is a social justice issue you see in your world today?<br /> Who is unjustly affected by these circumstances?<br /> What change(s) would you like to see in the situation?<br /> What types of local community leaders would you need to bring together to enact change?<br /> What types of national leaders should you seek to engage?</p> <h4>Related Mississippi History Now Articles</h4> <p><a href="/issue/the-civil-rights-movement-in-mississippi-on-violence-and-nonviolence" rel="noopener" target="_blank">“Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi: On Violence and Nonviolence”</a> by Curtis Austin, Ph.D., University of Southern Mississippi.<br /><a href="/issue/the-mississippi-civil-rights-movement-1955-1970-when-youth-protest" rel="noopener" target="_blank">"Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi: When Youth Protest, 1955-1970”</a> by Dernoral Davis, Ph.D., Jackson State University.<br /><a href="/issue/1961-in-mississippi-beyond-the-freedom-riders" rel="noopener" target="_blank">“1961 in Mississippi: Beyond the Freedom Riders”</a> by Françoise N. Hamlin<br /><a href="/issue/fannie-lou-hamer-civil-rights-activist" rel="noopener" target="_blank">“Fannie Lou Hamer: Civil Rights Activist”</a> By Kay Mills</p> <h4>Worksheet A: Alphabet Soup!</h4> <p>From Georgia Tech’s “Institute Communications” <a href="https://comm.gatech.edu/resources/writers/5ws" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://comm.gatech.edu/resources/writers/5ws</a></p> <h4>The Who, What, When, Where, Why of a Story</h4> <p>One of the best practices for writers is to follow “The 5Ws” guideline, by investigating the Who, What, Where, When and Why of a story.</p> <p>If you can’t identify what makes your story unique and interesting, chances are nobody else will either.</p> <ul><li><strong>Who</strong> is driving the story? <strong>Who</strong> is it about? <strong>Who</strong> is affected? <strong>Who</strong> benefits? <strong>Who</strong> loses?</li> <li><strong>What</strong> has happened? <strong>What</strong> are the consequences? <strong>What</strong> does this mean for the reader?</li> <li><strong>Where</strong> is this taking place (building, neighborhood, city, country)? <strong>Where</strong> should readers to to learn more?</li> <li><strong>When</strong> did it happen (time of day, day, month, year)? <strong>When</strong> was the last update? <strong>When</strong> can you expect to learn more? <strong>When</strong> will the effects be felt?</li> <li><strong>Why</strong> did this event take place? <strong>Why</strong> is this important in the big picture? <strong>Why</strong> should readers care?</li> </ul></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lp-author--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lp-author field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Sydney Pinnen</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/building-the-collective-%E2%80%9Cvoice-of-negro-women-in-Mississippi%22-the-national-council-of-negro-women-in-mississippi-in-the-1960s-and-1970s" hreflang="en">Building the Collective “voice of Negro women in Mississippi”: The National Council of Negro Women in Mississippi in the 1960s and 1970s</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Theme</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9" hreflang="en">African American</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/13" hreflang="en">Civil Rights Movement</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/29" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time Period</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 18 Jun 2020 05:00:00 +0000 usnext 7173 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov The Citizens' Council Lesson Plan http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/lesson-plan/the-citizens-council <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Citizens&#039; Council Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 10/16/2019 - 16:13</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>Teaching Levels</h2> <p>Grades 7 through 12</p> <h2>Curricular Connections</h2> <h4><em>Mississippi Studies</em></h4> <p>MS.8.3 - Evaluate the lasting impact of the Civil Rights Movement on Mississippi.</p> <h4><em>US History: 1877 to Present</em></h4> <p>US.3.2 - Trace the development of political, social, and cultural movements and subsequent reforms, including: Jim Crow laws, Plessy vs. Ferguson, women’s suffrage, temperance movement, Niagara movement, public education, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and Marcus Garvey.</p> <h2>Proposed Time Frame</h2> <p>90 minutes with students reading the article prior to the lesson</p> <h2>Resources Needed</h2> <ul><li><em>Mississippi History Now</em> article, “The Citizens’ Council” by Dr. Stephanie Rolph (assign to be read prior to the lesson)</li> <li>Group Discussion Questions</li> <li>Excerpt of one of the Forum broadcasts available from the Mississippi State University’s Special Collections division available online at <a href="https://cdm16631.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16631coll22/search" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://cdm16631.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16631coll22/search</a>.</li> <li>Printer/poster/butcher paper and markers or computer</li> </ul><h2>Lesson Introduction</h2> <ol><li>Assign the article for students to read prior to class for homework.</li> <li>At the beginning of class, informally assess students’ prior knowledge of the Ku Klux Klan, MS Black Codes, &amp; Jim Crow by asking probing questions.</li> <li>Explain to students how the Citizen’s Council correlates to the groups and concepts mentioned.</li> <li>Write/project on the board/screen the Citizens’ Council slogan, “States’ Rights, Racial Integrity.” Tell them to keep the slogan in mind while answering the Group Discussion Questions about the Citizens’ Council article read for homework.</li> </ol><h2>Class Discussion</h2> <ol><li>Divide class into groups to answer the Group Discussion Questions. Give them time to answer and discuss the questions within their group.</li> <li>When groups have completed the questions, facilitate a class discussion referring back to the Citizens’ Council slogan. <ul><li>Ask each group to answer the following question: “After reading the article &amp; answering the discussion questions, what does the slogan “States’ Rights, Racial Integrity” mean to you?”</li> <li>Discuss the various group responses.</li> </ul></li> </ol><h2>Group Discussion Questions</h2> <ol><li>What event triggered the creation of the Citizens’ Council? Why?</li> <li>What class of people were encouraged to join?</li> <li>What made the Citizens’ Council different than the Ku Klux Klan?</li> <li>What did the Citizens’ Council do to sabotage the Civil Rights Movement?</li> <li>Why were these methods successful?</li> <li>Governor Hugh White wanted to put more money into Black schools. Why did both sides reject this?</li> <li>What was the school closure amendment and why did the Citizens’ Council deem it necessary?</li> <li>In what ways did Black activism decrease?</li> <li>What do you think the Citizens’ Council slogan “States’ Rights, Racial Integrity” means?</li> <li>How were they able to spread their message throughout the United States?</li> <li>How were they successful in gathering support outside the South?</li> <li>What was the Citizens’ Council’s role in the establishment of private schools in the South?</li> </ol><h2>Activity</h2> <ol><li>After the discussion, play an excerpt of one of the Forum broadcasts available from the Mississippi State University’s Special Collections division available online at <a href="https://cdm16631.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16631coll22/search" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://cdm16631.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16631coll22/search</a>. <ul><li>Suggested excerpts: “Civil Rights Act of 1963,” “Biology of the Race Problem,” and “August 28 March on Washington” are a few good ones. You can also download broadcast transcripts to determine what is appropriate for your subject and age group.</li> </ul></li> <li>Based on what was heard from the chosen broadcast, ask students what they believe the Citizens’ Council was trying to convey to the general public about African Americans.</li> <li>In their groups, have students organize a protest that will take place outside the Citizens’ Council headquarters in Jackson, Mississippi.</li> <li>Groups will create a slogan for their protest.</li> <li>Students will then create protest posters utilizing the group’s slogan. <ul><li>It may be helpful for the teacher to show sample slogans and posters used in various historical protests (Vietnam War, Civil Rights Movement, Women’s Rights Movement, etc.) to give students more focus for their posters.</li> <li>Posters should include visuals, the slogan, &amp; other eye-catching items.</li> <li>Posters may be created on paper or can be done on the computer.</li> </ul></li> <li>Groups will then share with the rest of the class explaining their slogan and posters.</li> </ol><h2>Closure</h2> <p>Have students reflect on what they’ve learned about the Citizens’ Council by asking them why they think well-educated people would believe the ideas put out by the Council and then actively work to sabotage the Civil Rights Movement. This may be done as an exit ticket activity or by getting various student responses.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lp-author--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lp-author field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Roxanna Arcement</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/the-citizens-council" hreflang="en">The Citizens&#039; Council</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Theme</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9" hreflang="en">African American</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/13" hreflang="en">Civil Rights Movement</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/17" hreflang="en">Education</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23" hreflang="en">Mississippi Government</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time Period</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Wed, 16 Oct 2019 21:13:00 +0000 usnext 7169 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov The Citizens' Council http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-citizens-council <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Citizens&#039; Council</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 10/16/2019 - 16:01</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> October 2019 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Stephanie R. Rolph <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9" hreflang="en">African American</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/13" hreflang="en">Civil Rights Movement</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/17" hreflang="en">Education</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23" hreflang="en">Mississippi Government</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In May 1954, the United States Supreme Court announced in a unanimous decision that segregation—the practice of separating Black and White students, by law, within the public school system—was unconstitutional. That decision, <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em>, set into motion decades of organized, White opposition in southern states that had, since the 1890s, enforced laws to ensure that Black students and White students would not attend the same schools. The Citizens’ Council was the most recognizable organization committed to opposing the implementation of this court decision, and its presence in Mississippi ensured that desegregation would be difficult to enforce. Over the course of its existence, its work initiated the private school movement across the South and forged national and international networks of white supremacy that would deeply influence the political and cultural landscape of post-civil rights America.</p> <p>The first Citizens’ Council organized in July 1954, roughly two months after the Supreme Court announced the <em>Brown</em> decision. Robert “Tut” Patterson, a Delta planter who served as a paratrooper during World War II, feared the impact that desegregation would have in Delta communities where Black children vastly outnumbered White children. Inspired by Judge Tom Brady’s publication, <em>Black Monday</em>, Patterson called together business and civic leaders in his community to meet and design a plan that would preserve segregation in Mississippi’s public schools. After its initial meeting in Indianola, the Council movement spread into other Delta communities, where elected officials, members of law enforcement, and White business leaders worked together to detect and discourage local civil rights activity through the collective economic power that its members held, ensuring that White people were united in resisting desegregation. The organization’s founders embraced sophisticated White leadership as an effective alternative to more violent organizations, like the Ku Klux Klan, believing that civic and business leaders would keep violence at bay.</p> <p>In the first few months that followed the Council’s founding in the summer of 1954, the chapters worked locally, collecting information on civil rights activists that would enable local business leaders to threaten them economically. Black teachers, farm workers, and loan recipients who were active in local chapters of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) were fired from their jobs or risked losing their loans if they refused to end their civil rights work. But by the fall, the Council became a visible force statewide. When Governor Hugh White announced his plan to preserve segregation with an equalization process, through which he promised to improve the quality of African American schools to better match that of White schools, Black leaders balked. Progress at the federal level to desegregate professional and graduate schools had been steady, and desegregation of public schools seemed imminent. White’s proposal to maintain separate—if better—facilities, was too little, too late. Black leaders responded to White’s plan with resistance, citing desegregation as the only acceptable plan going forward.</p> <p>For many White Mississippians, the governor’s plan went too far. To them, especially those in predominantly white areas of the state, equalization signified less money for White schools and more money for African American schools. In the Delta, where White people were in the minority, the prospect of equalizing Black schools seemed untenable, given the vast disparities between the two systems. Because White planters in that area had more economic resources than other parts of the state, their response to Governor White’s proposal was to close the public school system altogether and set up private schools instead. With an aim to unify whites in the state behind opposition to desegregation, a constitutional amendment was proposed in the fall of 1954 that promised to close Mississippi’s public school system if the federal government forced implementation of the <em>Brown</em> decision.</p> <p>Support for the school closure amendment was the first public campaign led by the Citizens’ Council. In October 1954, a statewide organization formed to assist with its passage. The Association of Citizens’ Councils of Mississippi (ACCM) operated out of Winona and enabled individual chapters across the state to collaborate within a central organization. More importantly, the ACCM initiated a robust publicity campaign that helped secure passage of the school closure amendment in December. Desegregation would not fully be implemented in Mississippi until 1969 and 1970, so public schools remained open and segregated. The Citizens’ Council’s leadership, however, was assured by the amendment’s passage and the organization’s rapidly increasing influence in the state. In the months that followed, the Council’s influence became more visible in the state legislature and crested with the election of Ross Barnett as governor in 1959.</p> <p>As Council chapters increased across the state, Black activism plummeted. Medgar Evers, field secretary for the NAACP in Mississippi, wrote frequently to his contacts in other southern states about the organization’s intimidation tactics and the negative impact it was having on membership. Council chapters in other states throughout the South had similar results. Violence against Black activists who refused to buckle in the face of Council intimidation could be fatal. In 1955, Rev. George Lee, who worked hard to secure Black voter registration in Belzoni, Mississippi, was murdered. No one was ever charged for the murder. Reporters covering the Council’s work in Mississippi found multiple incidents in which the organization’s local pressure and surveillance discouraged Black activism and silenced local Whites who preferred more moderate approaches for preserving segregation.</p> <p>But the Citizens’ Council’s slogan, “States’ Rights, Racial Integrity,” went beyond securing segregation in Mississippi. In 1956, the Citizens’ Councils of America (CCA) formed. While its headquarters remained in Jackson until 1989, the CCA’s ambitions were national. Through its newsletter, <em>The Citizen</em>, and its weekly public affairs program <em>Forum</em>, the CCA connected the organization’s mission to preserve segregation to issues of national concern. <em>Forum</em> in particular provided the Council with a national platform by hosting congressmen and senators advocating for a variety of issues and political ambitions. The program, which ran from 1957 to 1966, recorded most of its programs in Washington, D.C., in congressional recording studios. With the support of Mississippi senator James O. Eastland and South Carolina senator Strom Thurmond, among others, <em>Forum</em> focused on the civil rights movement as only one example of federal overreach aimed at undermining state sovereignty. Through its engagement with northern and western elected officials, the Council’s identity as an exclusively southern organization diminished. With the civil rights movement in Mississippi stymied by a state government under the influence of Council leaders, the CCA directed efforts toward cultivating a language of conservative political principles that included a commitment to White supremacy.</p> <p>In 1966, <em>Forum</em> recorded a series of programs on location in southern Africa, exemplifying its global aspirations. Intended as a defense of South Africa’s and Rhodesia’s (now Zimbabwe) White minority regimes, the southern Africa programs hosted government officials and White residents. Its most prominent guest was the rogue prime minister of Rhodesia, Ian Smith, who described Rhodesia’s oppressive approach to Black Rhodesians as a system akin to southern segregation, intended to honor biological racial differences that made people of color naturally inferior to White people.</p> <p>The Council was also deeply involved in the presidential campaigns of Alabama governor George C. Wallace in 1968 and 1972. Wallace was an outspoken segregationist who won support throughout the country for his embrace of working class White people who perceived civil rights advances as obstacles for White success. Council administrator William J. Simmons, directed these efforts while supervising the publication of the Council’s newsletter, providing media exposure for Wallace, and advancing his message about Black crime as a natural outgrowth of civil rights successes.</p> <p>After the desegregation of the University of Mississippi in 1962, an event that triggered violent White backlash that resulted in two deaths, the Council’s support in Mississippi waned. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 further undermined faith that the Council could prevent racial progress. As more radical groups like the Ku Klux Klan reemerged in the state, the Council’s focus turned to building support outside of the South. Citizens’ Council chapters began to appear in California in 1964, and the Council’s success there indicated a decided shift toward more radical forms of conservatism outside of the South that embraced “white majority” voting patterns as a countermeasure to growing Black political power.</p> <p>Even as the Council’s focus expanded nationally and won support from radical organizations aligned with its belief in white supremacy, its most permanent impact was in Mississippi. In 1964, the Council opened its first private academy in Jackson, providing a model for private school education throughout the South. Recognizing its failure to maintain segregation in the public school system, the opening of private schools under Council leadership enabled Whites-only education to persist in a new form. The Council’s efforts were so successful in Mississippi, it hosted leadership conferences in other states that provided instructions on how to open a private school.</p> <p>After over 30 years of active work, the Council ended publication of <em>The Citizen</em>. Its legacy for economic intimidation toward civil rights activists in the state remains well-known, but its contribution to a new form of segregation through private school support remains a visible component of Mississippi’s educational system. In 2019, Mississippi State University made <em>Forum</em> broadcasts available online through its Special Collections division, digitizing programs that highlight the variety of issues and guests the Council attracted.</p> <p><em>Stephanie R. Rolph is an associate professor of history at Millsaps College. This article was adapted from her first book</em>, Resisting Equality: The Citizens’ Council, 1954-1989, <em>which was published in 2018 by Louisiana State University Press.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>Sources</h3> <p>Stephanie Rolph, <em>Resisting Equality: The Citizens’ Council, 1954-1989</em>, Louisiana State University Press, 2018.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/imported-images/1117.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;The Citizen&quot; was the newsletter of the Citizens’ Councils of America.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Citizen&quot;}" role="button" title="&quot;The Citizen&quot; was the newsletter of the Citizens’ Councils of America." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7171-8L9idgNCo9A" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;The Citizen&quot; was the newsletter of the Citizens’ Councils of America.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Citizen&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1117.jpg" width="842" height="1289" alt="The Citizen" title="&quot;The Citizen&quot; was the newsletter of the Citizens’ Councils of America." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/imported-images/1116.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;In 2019, Mississippi State University made Forum broadcasts available online through its Special Collections division, digitizing programs that highlight the variety of issues and guests the Council attracted.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Citizens&#039; Council&quot;}" role="button" title="In 2019, Mississippi State University made Forum broadcasts available online through its Special Collections division, digitizing programs that highlight the variety of issues and guests the Council attracted." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7171-8L9idgNCo9A" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;In 2019, Mississippi State University made Forum broadcasts available online through its Special Collections division, digitizing programs that highlight the variety of issues and guests the Council attracted.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Citizens&#039; Council&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1116.jpg" width="307" height="229" alt="Citizens&#039; Council" title="In 2019, Mississippi State University made Forum broadcasts available online through its Special Collections division, digitizing programs that highlight the variety of issues and guests the Council attracted." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/imported-images/1118.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Black Monday was written to preserve White supremacy and referred to Monday, 17th May 1954—the date the Supreme Court announced its decision in Brown v Board of Education to integrate schools.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Black Monday&quot;}" role="button" title="Black Monday was written to preserve White supremacy and referred to Monday, 17th May 1954—the date the Supreme Court announced its decision in Brown v Board of Education to integrate schools." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7171-8L9idgNCo9A" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Black Monday was written to preserve White supremacy and referred to Monday, 17th May 1954—the date the Supreme Court announced its decision in Brown v Board of Education to integrate schools.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Black Monday&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1118.jpg" width="760" height="1242" alt="Black Monday" title="Black Monday was written to preserve White supremacy and referred to Monday, 17th May 1954—the date the Supreme Court announced its decision in Brown v Board of Education to integrate schools." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/imported-images/1119.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Logo for the Citizens&#039; Council Forum&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Citizens&#039; Council Forum&quot;}" role="button" title="Logo for the Citizens&#039; Council Forum" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7171-8L9idgNCo9A" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Logo for the Citizens&#039; Council Forum&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Citizens&#039; Council Forum&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1119.jpg" width="1680" height="1240" alt="Citizens&#039; Council Forum" title="Logo for the Citizens&#039; Council Forum" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/imported-images/1120.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Ian Smith (left), prime minister of Rhodesia, and interviewed by William J. Simmons for &quot;Forum.&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Ian Smith and Bill Simmons&quot;}" role="button" title="Ian Smith (left), prime minister of Rhodesia, and interviewed by William J. Simmons for &quot;Forum.&quot;" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7171-8L9idgNCo9A" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Ian Smith (left), prime minister of Rhodesia, and interviewed by William J. Simmons for &quot;Forum.&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Ian Smith and Bill Simmons&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1120.jpg" width="1680" height="1240" alt="Ian Smith and Bill Simmons" title="Ian Smith (left), prime minister of Rhodesia, and interviewed by William J. Simmons for &quot;Forum.&quot;" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/lesson-plan/the-citizens-council" hreflang="en">The Citizens&#039; Council Lesson Plan</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Wed, 16 Oct 2019 21:01:00 +0000 usnext 7171 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Archie Manning: The Story and Significance of a Mississippi Icon Lesson Plan http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/lesson-plan/archie-manning-the-story-and-significance-of-a-mississippi-icon-lesson-plan <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Archie Manning: The Story and Significance of a Mississippi Icon Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 07/03/2017 - 13:44</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h3>Overview</h3> <p>As a young man Archie Manning excelled both athletically and academically in the small Delta town of Drew, Mississippi. Upon graduating from high school with valedictorian honors, Manning began his college football career in 1967 at the University of Mississippi. Under the guidance of legendary college coach John Vaught, Archie Manning and the Ole Miss Rebels football team achieved national recognition. Prior to the start of Manning’s senior year in 1970, the Rebels became one of the national favorites in college football. Perhaps more importantly, however, was Manning’s importance to his home state. During a time when many Americans viewed Mississippi as the nation’s bastion of racism, violence, and poverty, Manning’s rising football career, coupled with his personal character both on and off the football field, provided Mississippi with a symbol of success and pride. Water towers were emblazoned with Manning’s name, and “The Ballad of Archie Who,” written in 1969 by a postman in Magnolia, Mississippi, and recorded by country singer Murray Kellum and his “Rebel Rousers” band, essentially enshrined Manning as a Mississippi folk hero, particularly to white Mississippians. Although Manning eventually finished his collegiate career on a seemingly down note, he ended his time at Ole Miss with a litany of school and conference records. He spent fourteen seasons in the National Football League, most of which were with the New Orleans Saints, and was recognized as the National Football Conference (<span class="caps">NFC</span>) Player of the Year in 1978. For many Mississippians, Archie Manning remains a folk hero and the state’s top athlete of the century.</p> <h3>Curricular Connections</h3> <p>Mississippi Studies Framework: Competencies 1 and 6</p> <h3>Teaching Level</h3> <p>Grades 7 through 12</p> <h3>Materials/Equipment</h3> <ul><li>Mississippi History Now article, <a href="/issue/archie-manning-the-story-and-significance-of-a-mississippi-icon" rel="noopener" target="_blank">“Archie Manning: The Story and Significance of a Mississippi Icon”</a></li> <li>Classroom board</li> <li>Student notebooks</li> <li>Computer</li> <li>Internet access</li> <li>“The Ballad of Archie Who” (<a href="https://youtu.be/-a-qX3L1OYo" rel="noopener" target="_blank">YouTube link</a>)</li> <li>Graphic organizer (<a href="/sites/default/files/files/ArchieManning-GraphicOrganizer.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="caps">PDF</span> Download</a>)</li> <li>Resource books</li> </ul><h3>Objectives</h3> <p>The students will:</p> <ol><li>Summarize the life of Archie Manning.</li> <li>Illustrate events in the life of Archie Manning.</li> <li>Identify state happenings during the 1960s and early 1970s which may have contributed to Mississippi’s poor image concerning race, violence, and poverty.</li> </ol><h3>Opening the Lesson</h3> <p>The teacher will ask the students the following questions:</p> <ul><li>What is a folk hero?</li> <li>Why is a folk hero different from a celebrity?</li> </ul><p>Once the students understand the difference between the two terms, the teacher will ask students to name celebrities and folk heroes from Mississippi. The teacher can list the names on the board. After the class discussion, the teacher will tell the students that they will have an opportunity to learn why Archie Manning is considered a Mississippi folk hero.</p> <h3>Developing the Lesson</h3> <ol><li>The teacher will ask the students to create K-W-L charts in their notebooks. The students should write on their charts what they already “know” about Archie Manning and what they “wonder” about him.</li> <li>Next, the students will read the <em>Mississippi History Now article</em>, “Archie Manning: The Story and Significance of a Mississippi Icon.” As they read the article, students should record notes on the graphic organizer. The investigative question students should consider as they read the article and take notes is: “Why was Archie Manning considered a Mississippi folk hero to many Mississippians, particularly during his collegiate football career?”</li> <li>Once the students have completed their graphic organizers, the teacher will allow the students to work with a partner to write a summary of the <em>Mississippi History Now</em> article. Students should use their graphic organizer to write the summary.</li> <li>The teacher will ask the students to share examples from their summaries in response to the question posed in item 2 above.</li> <li>For the next segment of the lesson, students should be placed in groups of three. The teacher will allow the student groups to select one of the following projects to complete. <ul><li>Write a ballad or poem about the career and life of Archie Manning and his impact on the state of Mississippi</li> <li>Write a speech about the career and life of Archie Manning and his impact on the state of Mississippi</li> <li>Design a mural or collage about the career and life of Archie Manning</li> <li>Write a short essay identifying state happenings during the 1960s and early 1970s which may have contributed to Mississippi’s poor image concerning race, violence, and poverty<br /> Students should use the <em>Mississippi History Now</em> article as a resource as well as other sources.</li> </ul></li> <li>Along with the project, students should submit a bibliography of sources used to complete their project.</li> <li>The students will present their projects to the class upon conclusion of the lesson.</li> </ol><h3>Closing the Lesson</h3> <p>The students will complete the last column on their K-W-L charts with what they “learned” about Archie Manning and his impact on the state of Mississippi. The teacher will ask for student volunteers to respond to the following questions:</p> <ol><li>What did you learn about Archie Manning?</li> <li>Why was Archie Manning considered a folk hero in Mississippi, particularly during the late 1960s and early 1970s?</li> <li>After your study of Archie Manning, is there anything that you admire or appreciate most about him?</li> </ol><p>Students can respond orally or in writing to the questions listed above. The teacher can also locate on the internet “The Ballad of Archie Who” (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cDsNxjbVLI">YouTube link</a>) to play for the class during the close of the lesson.</p> <h3>Assessing Student Learning</h3> <ul><li>Class participation</li> <li>K-W-L charts</li> <li>Graphic organizers</li> <li>Summaries</li> <li>Projects</li> </ul><h3>Enrichment</h3> <ul><li>Students can further research the social history of Mississippi at the time Archie Manning attended the University of Mississippi.</li> <li>Students can research other <span class="caps">NFL</span> players from Mississippi.</li> <li>Students can research Archie Manning’s charitable work and public serve after his <span class="caps">NFL</span> career.</li> <li>Students can research the Manning <span class="caps">NFL</span> football legacy.</li> </ul><h3>Other Mississippi History Now articles:</h3> <p><a href="/issue/cool-papa-bell" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Cool Papa Bell</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/david-boo-ferriss-a-baseball-great" rel="noopener" target="_blank">David “Boo” Ferriss: A Baseball Great</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/james-o-eastland" rel="noopener" target="_blank">James O. Eastland</a></p> <p><em>Karla Smith is the Social Studies Department Chair at Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College’s Jefferson Davis Campus.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lp-author--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lp-author field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Karla Smith</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/archie-manning-the-story-and-significance-of-a-mississippi-icon" hreflang="en">Archie Manning: The Story and Significance of a Mississippi Icon</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Theme</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/13" hreflang="en">Civil Rights Movement</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/17" hreflang="en">Education</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/26" hreflang="en">Recreation</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time Period</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 03 Jul 2017 18:44:20 +0000 usnext 7160 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov