Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865 http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/ en Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir Lesson Plan http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7183 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/jefferson-davis-soldier-home-beauvoir" hreflang="en">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/105" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">alanwheat</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 10/05/2021 - 10:04</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Evaluate the purpose of Beauvoir as a museum.</div> <div class="field__item">Discuss the historical memory of Confederate veterans in modern America.</div> <div class="field__item">Compare the efforts to serve Confederate veterans with that of newly emancipated Black Mississippians.</div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Computer/tablet with internet access </div> <div class="field__item">Paper and writing utensils </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h4 paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{183}" paraid="634960516"><em>US History: Exploration to 1877 </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{189}" paraid="1777250632">8.10.2 - Trace the economic changes in the post- Civil War South, including: Lincoln’s Plan, Wade-Davis Bill, Johnson’s Plan, Radical Reconstruction. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{196}" paraid="1882053982"><em>Mississippi Studies </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{202}" paraid="1585169115">MS.6.3 - Detail the effects of the Civil War on Mississippi’s economy. </p> </li> <li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{209}" paraid="1729992780">MS.6.5 - Examine the lasting cultural effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Mississippi. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{216}" paraid="2034923893"><em>US Government  </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="14" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{228}" paraid="756766087">USG.1.1 - Evaluate the fundamental worth and dignity of the individual. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{235}" paraid="719026020"><em>Problems in American Democracy </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="15" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{243}" paraid="1282980508">PAD.5.1 - Describe the economic characteristics of the North and South in the early-to-mid-nineteenth century that contributed to sectional political conflict. </p> </li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 7 through 12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><ol><li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{3}" paraid="632967240">The teacher will explain how, when, and where monuments, memorials, and museums have been used to educate and eternalize the Civil War. The placement of these symbols is important and should be evaluated. However, it is vital to remember that people fought the Civil War. Each living being possesses an inherent dignity. Reasons for service differed tremendously. However, a significant amount of life was lost and communities were forced to begin the difficult work of binding wounds, some doing a better job than others.  </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{20}" paraid="932269675">Students will collectively read the <a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/jefferson-davis-soldier-home-beauvoir" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Jefferson David Soldier Home">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir </a>article aloud. </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{31}" paraid="97209469">The teacher will remind students the Confederacy had a clearly stated purpose for secession and eventual war as stated in the <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_missec.asp" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">Mississippi statement of secession</a>: “Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery--the greatest material interest of the world.”  </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{43}" paraid="255221707">The teacher will explain that those who fought for the Confederacy should be held accountable for their support of a power structure that defended the enslavement of Black people. How should accountability impact need-based assistance due to injury of war? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{54}" paraid="2117704804">The teacher will facilitate a discussion on the questions below. Teachers should determine which set of questions best suite their students age and ability level.   <ul><li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{64}" paraid="826876812">Middle School:  <ul><li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{71}" paraid="324028683">What needs might soldiers returning from war have? (Medical care, food assistance, shelter, employment, etc.) </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{78}" paraid="621784312">Who should meet those needs and how might they be met? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{85}" paraid="745931686">Would one’s decision to fight to support the enslavement of Black people disqualify them from receiving assistance? Why or why not? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{92}" paraid="1094321433">Can we disagree with people at deep levels and still care for them? Why or why not? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{99}" paraid="1017135168">How can we practice caring for human dignity, especially when we strongly disagree? </li> </ul></li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{106}" paraid="501999182">High School:   <ul><li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{113}" paraid="451325476">Beauvoir became a haven for aging and impoverished Confederate veterans. No matter the individual positions, each fought to protect a power structure that supported race-based chattel slavery. How should we view the material need for these families alongside the system they served? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{120}" paraid="439042711">Is it possible to object to the personal views and decisions of Confederate veterans and care for their physical wellbeing? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{127}" paraid="1828944878">How do we engage this topic without dehumanizing people we disagree with strongly? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{134}" paraid="1774908234">A significant amount of effort was contributed to convert Beauvoir into a home for needy Confederate veterans. What if the same energy and effort had been employed to aid newly emancipated Black people? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{141}" paraid="1366340949">What purpose should Beauvoir have today?  </li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-further-reading-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-further-reading-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Reading</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://beauvoirveteranproject.org/" target="_blank">Beauvoir Veterans Project </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Drew Gardner</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/jefferson-davis-soldier-home-beauvoir" target="_blank">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home article, one copy per student </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 05 Oct 2021 15:04:16 +0000 alanwheat 7183 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov The Political Career of John Sharp Williams Lesson Plan http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7180 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Political Career of John Sharp Williams Lesson Plan </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/john-sharp-williams" hreflang="en">The Political Career of John Sharp Williams (1854-1932)</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/105" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">alanwheat</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 09/24/2021 - 14:33</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Identify the political career of Senator John Sharp Williams. </div> <div class="field__item">Examine Senator Williams’s position on key legislative measures such as the 18th and 19th Amendments to the Constitution. </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Computer/tablet with internet access </div> <div class="field__item">Paper and writing utensils </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h4 paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{143}" paraid="134429823"><em>Mississippi Studies </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{149}" paraid="1661902958"> MS.4.4 - Analyze government and political influences throughout the state of Mississippi. </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{158}" paraid="1527269445"><em>US History: 1877 to Present </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{164}" paraid="1777250632">US.3.2 - Trace the development of political, social, and cultural movements and subsequent reforms, including:  Jim Crow laws, Plessy vs. Ferguson, women’s suffrage, temperance  movement, Niagara movement, public education,  the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and Marcus Garvey. </li> <li paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{171}" paraid="1778874642">US.3.4 - Trace national legislation resulting from and affecting  the Progressive Movement, including: the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act. </li> <li paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{178}" paraid="74843851">US.5.7 - Debate the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including: the role of women, the Red Scare, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial. </li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 7 through 12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-before-the-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-before-the-lesson field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Before the Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"> Students will individually read &quot;The Political Career of John Sharp Williams (1854-1932)&quot; article. </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><ol><li paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{236}" paraid="738692707">The teacher will explain that members of the United States Congress are tasked with the responsibility to represent the people. Every legislative vote is important; however, some weigh more heavily on society than others (i.e. Civil Rights Act of 1964). Senator John Sharp Williams of Mississippi recorded votes on many pieces of legislation, two being the 18th and 19th Amendments to the Constitution.   </li> <li paraeid="{7228dd74-1dd2-4d45-a088-1b2d5655f0bf}{36}" paraid="496301150">The teacher will ask students to share opinions on Senator Williams’s voting decisions on each of the amendments.   <ul><li paraeid="{7228dd74-1dd2-4d45-a088-1b2d5655f0bf}{47}" paraid="931799757">Why would Williams vote in favor of Prohibition if he was opposed to the idea making alcoholic beverages illegal? </li> <li paraeid="{7228dd74-1dd2-4d45-a088-1b2d5655f0bf}{62}" paraid="52996375">Would Williams have been justified to vote his conscience on Prohibition, even if his constituents disagreed? </li> <li paraeid="{7228dd74-1dd2-4d45-a088-1b2d5655f0bf}{71}" paraid="1447629959">What does Williams vote in opposition to the 19th Amendment communicate about his views of African Americans, specifically Black women? </li> </ul></li> <li paraeid="{7228dd74-1dd2-4d45-a088-1b2d5655f0bf}{82}" paraid="152520816">The teacher will organize students into pairs. Each group is responsible for creating a Google Slide presentation on a portion of John Sharp Williams’s career (Early Life, House Representative, Senator, 18th Amendment, 19th Amendment, and Retirement). The presentation must be at least 8 slides.  </li> <li paraeid="{7228dd74-1dd2-4d45-a088-1b2d5655f0bf}{137}" paraid="705578463">Time permitting, each group will present their presentation to the classroom. </li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-further-reading-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-further-reading-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Reading</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/black-women-and-the-fight-for-voting-rights.htm" target="_blank">Between Two Worlds: Black Women and the Fight for Voting Rights</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/prohibition/" target="_blank">Mississippi Encyclopedia: Prohibition</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/john-sharp-williams/" target="_blank">Mississippi Encyclopedia: John Sharp Williams</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://apnews.com/article/mississippi-jackson-local-governments-united-states-tate-reeves-390ce272932377cd6c1735da927d1e43" target="_blank">AP News: 90 years later, Prohibition officially ending in Mississippi</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Drew Gardner</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/15" hreflang="en">Governors and Senators</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/articles/303/john-sharp-williams" target="_blank">&quot;The Political Career of John Sharp Williams,&quot; one copy per student </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Fri, 24 Sep 2021 19:33:08 +0000 alanwheat 7180 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers Lesson Plan http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7178 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/farmers-without-land-the-plight-of-white-tenant-farmers-and-sharecroppers" hreflang="en">Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/105" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">alanwheat</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 09/24/2021 - 14:22</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Distinguish tenant farming and sharecropping </div> <div class="field__item">Analyze the racial implications of tenant farming and sharecropping </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Computer/tablet with internet access </div> <div class="field__item">Earbuds/headphones </div> <div class="field__item">Paper and writing utensils </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h4 paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{139}" paraid="1266613859"><em>Seventh Grade Compacted - US History from Exploration to Reconstruction/ Civics and the World </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{145}" paraid="1271865418">7C.15.2. - Trace the economic changes in the post-Civil War South, including: Lincoln’s Plan, Wade-Davis Bill, Johnson’s Plan, Radical Reconstruction. </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{152}" paraid="560674990">7C.15.3 - Distinguish the roles of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments in expanding liberty.  </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{159}" paraid="1661902958">7C15.4 - Examine the Southern resistance to Reconstruction reforms, including: Black Codes, Jim Crow Laws, Ku Klux Klan, etc. </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{166}" paraid="1346216340"><em>Eighth Grade: US History Exploration to 1877 </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{172}" paraid="1869774619">8.10.2 - Trace the economic changes in the post- Civil War South, including: Lincoln’s Plan, Wade-Davis Bill, Johnson’s Plan, Radical Reconstruction.  </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{179}" paraid="393781130">8.10.3 - Distinguish the roles of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments in expanding liberty.  </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{186}" paraid="1778874642">8.10.4 - Examine the Southern resistance to Reconstruction reforms, including: Black Codes, Jim Crow Laws, Ku Klux Klan, etc. </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{193}" paraid="1629969444"><em>Mississippi Studies </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{199}" paraid="555579554">MS.6.3 - Detail the effects of the Civil War on Mississippi’s economy. </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{206}" paraid="1961103329">MS.7.2 - Trace the changes in Mississippi’s economy and technology in the decades following Reconstruction. </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{213}" paraid="626617696">MS.9.4 - Analyze the current trends and historic record of poverty and wealth distribution in Mississippi. </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{220}" paraid="1823658856"><em>US History: 1877 to Present </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{226}" paraid="559196020">US.1.2 - Compare the changing role of the American farmer, including: establishment of the Granger movement and the Populist Party and agrarian rebellion over currency issues. </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{237}" paraid="328819536">US.6.3 - Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including: the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering, achieving economic recovery, and promoting organized labor. </li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 7 through 12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><ol><li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{254}" paraid="1124700466">The teacher will overview the economic instability for most people in the antebellum and postbellum South. Though some of the world’s wealthiest planters lived in the southern region, most people lived in poverty, White and Black. It is important to note that the poverty of 19th and 20th century African Americans is a direct result of enslavement. Many of those effects linger today. This activity will compare the postbellum experiences of the two. </li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{48}" paraid="934048420">Students will individually read "Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers" article. </li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{59}" paraid="738692707">Students will respond to the following discussion questions in groups of two and three. Afterward, each group will summarize their discussion to the class.  <ul><li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{70}" paraid="912885528">What distinguishes sharecropping from tenant farming? </li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{77}" paraid="730235018">How might race impact whether an individual is a tenant farmer or sharecropper? </li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{84}" paraid="86066254">Why did the crop-lien system limit economic mobility? </li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{91}" paraid="1331604585">What were the consequences of the Agricultural Adjustment Act? </li> </ul></li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{98}" paraid="1807759441">Each group will then view the short videos on <a href="https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/sharecropping/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">PBS: Slavery By Another Name – Sharecropping</a>.  </li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{114}" paraid="300693305">Employing the information provided by PBS: Slavery By Another Name and "Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers," students will complete a reflection writing assignment comparing the racial implications for tenant farmers and sharecroppers. Students are encouraged to use the discussion questions above to guide their writing.  </li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Drew Gardner</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/16" hreflang="en">Economic history</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/21" hreflang="en">Industry and Agriculture</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/articles/228/farmers-without-land-the-plight-of-white-tenant-farmers-and-sharecroppers" target="_blank">&quot;Farmers Without Land&quot;, one copy per student </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/sharecropping/" target="_blank">PBS: Slavery By Another Name - Sharecropping</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Fri, 24 Sep 2021 19:22:19 +0000 alanwheat 7178 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov A Union Soldier’s View of the Battle of Raymond Lesson Plan http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7177 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">A Union Soldier’s View of the Battle of Raymond Lesson Plan </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/a-union-soldiers-view-of-the-battle-of-raymond" hreflang="en">A Union Soldier’s View of the Battle of Raymond</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/105" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">alanwheat</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 09/24/2021 - 14:01</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Analyze a primary source and it’s perspective on the Battle of Raymond </div> <div class="field__item">Employ the primary source as unique historical evidence regarding the events surrounding the Battle of Raymond </div> <div class="field__item">Summarize the primary source pertaining to the Battle of Raymond </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Computer/tablet with internet access </div> <div class="field__item">Paper and writing utensils </div> <div class="field__item">Highlighters </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h4 paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{172}" paraid="868071452"><em>Seventh Grade (Compacted): US History From Exploration to Reconstruction </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="5" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{178}" paraid="1661902958">7C.14.2 - Examine key early battles and plans which shaped decisions in the North and South, including: First Bull Run, Shiloh, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Sherman March, Anaconda Plan, etc. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{189}" paraid="1752963729"><em>Eighth Grade - US History: Exploration to 1877 </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{195}" paraid="1906601159">8.9.2 - Examine key early battles and plans which shaped decisions in the North and South, including: First Bull Run, Shiloh, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Sherman March, Anaconda Plan, etc.  </p> </li> <li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{202}" paraid="1374253907">8.9.3 - Identify key Northern and Southern political and military leaders and their contributions. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{209}" paraid="1232845367"><em>Mississippi Studies </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="14" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{215}" paraid="1976250721">MS.6.2 - Analyze the military actions that took place in Mississippi during the Civil War. </p> </li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 7 through 12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><ol><li paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{230}" paraid="723115409">The teacher will explain that history is a story of the past, and accounts differ depending on one’s perspective. Evidence crafts each tale, but each piece of evidence must be examined, questioned, and critiqued. One piece of evidence is not enough to create an accurate story of the past. Primary source documents are important pieces of evidence to understand past people, places, and events.   </li> <li paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{237}" paraid="962123882">The teacher will explain that this article includes a primary source from the late-nineteenth century in which derogatory and outdated language and depictions are used to describe people, particularly African Americans. This language has not been removed so that current readers can have an accurate depiction of the writer’s perspective. </li> <li paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{244}" paraid="506783827">Students will read "A Union Soldier’s View of the Battle of Raymond" individually and highlight unfamiliar terms and or phrases. </li> <li paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{255}" paraid="744170402">The teacher will ask students to identify portions of the article that may have been unclear or used language that was unfamiliar. The teacher will need to read through the article thoroughly to be prepared for some of the questions and clarifications students will need. </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{7}" paraid="1041661885">The teacher will introduce the National Archives analysis tool to students, explaining the parts of the tool and answering any questions that may be presented. Depending on the class, teachers may need to model usage of the National Archives analysis tool. </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{14}" paraid="1613168994">The teacher will place students in groups of two and three to examine the <em>New York Semi-Weekly Tribune</em> article from Friday, November 19, 1886 using the analysis tools from the National Archives in this activity. </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{33}" paraid="1219194662">Students will use the National Archives Written Document Analysis Worksheet to create a Google Slides presentation with at least 5 slides or develop a 200-word essay. Students should employ each portion of the analysis tool in their Google Slides or essay.  <ul><li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{68}" paraid="1112777050">Google Slides Example: (<em>Students are encouraged to use images and media components to build an engaging presentation)</em>  <ul><li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{79}" paraid="83423271">Slide One: Introduction/Description (3-5 sentences) </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{86}" paraid="2103960037">Slide Two: Meet the Document </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{93}" paraid="1203180156">Slide Three: Observe its Parts </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{100}" paraid="1632546400">Slide Four: Try to Make Sense of It </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{107}" paraid="1325245457">Slide Five: Use it as Historical Evidence </li> </ul></li> <li>Essay:  <ul><li>Students will use the National Archives Written Document Analysis Worksheet frame craft a 200-word essay examining the primary source’s perspective. </li> <li>Students must cite evidence to support their claims. </li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li>Each group will present their findings before the class. Students will upload their paper or their Google Slides to the learning platform. Presentations can be displayed on the classroom site or printed for physical display in the classroom. </li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-further-reading-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-further-reading-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Reading</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.nps.gov/places/battle-of-raymond.htm" target="_blank">National Parks Service: Battle of Raymond, Milepost 78.3</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/raymond" target="_blank">American Battlefield Trust: Battle of Raymond </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Drew Gardner</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/22" hreflang="en">Military</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/a-union-soldiers-view-of-the-battle-of-raymond" target="_blank">A Union Soldier’s View of the Battle of Raymond, one copy per student </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/worksheets/written_document_analysis_worksheet.pdf" target="_blank">National Archives Written Document Analysis Worksheet, one copy per student </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Fri, 24 Sep 2021 19:01:51 +0000 alanwheat 7177 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Mississippi's Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/mississippis-forgotten-soldiers <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mississippi&#039;s Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/18/2020 - 00:00</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> February 2020 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Shelby Harriel <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/29" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Mississippi’s Civil War chronicle includes such notable generals as Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, Joseph E. Johnston, and John C. Pemberton, as well as the thousands of common men they commanded.  Surprisingly, an untold number of daring women joined them on battlefields across the state, even though societal standards of the time forbade them to do so.</p> <p>When the Civil War broke out, men were the ones, obligated by a sense of duty and honor, to march away and fight for their respective causes.  However, wives, sisters, mothers, and daughters from both the North and South disguised themselves as men and took up arms to fight.  And like their male counterparts, women soldiers suffered the same hardships while stationed in faraway locations that often had completely different climates and environments than those they left behind.</p> <p>These women were motivated by multiple reasons to risk not only their lives on a battlefield, but also the public humiliation and shame that would accompany the discovery of their true identities. Perhaps the most prominent factor was a desire to avoid being separated from loved ones who had marched off to war, but others joined the army to escape abusive family members. Like many of their male counterparts, patriotism and a desire for adventure prompted other women to join the ranks.  Still others were inspired by the opportunity to improve their legal, economic, and social status.  Victorian women did not enjoy many legal rights or social opportunities, and by assuming a male identity, they were able to obtain freedoms previously denied them due to their gender.  For example, in male disguise, they could purchase land, take advantage of more abundant and better paying jobs, and even vote.</p> <p>Once these bold women decided to enlist, they faced several daunting tasks in order to become soldiers.  One was assuming a convincing disguise that would allow them to blend in to the male-dominated military. Then they had to negotiate the enlistment process, which included submitting to a medical examination.  In some instances, surgeons merely checked for working body parts recruits needed to march and shoot a gun.  Thus, fortunate women were able to pass such cursory medical examinations and slip quietly into the ranks.</p> <p>Not only was it relatively simple for female recruits to fool an examining surgeon, but it was also not terribly difficult to deceive the male soldiers with whom they served.  Prior to identification cards that we use today, it was rather simple to adopt a new persona. Women merely assumed a male alias, cut their hair short, and donned male clothing.  Furthermore, war was the domain of men so few people, if any, thought women would even attempt to enlist in the military since they were not supposed to perform men’s duties or wear men’s uniforms, which were often ill-fitting and baggy, thereby hiding the feminine figure. Clothing defined gender in Victorian society.  Beyond the social rules that controlled women’s dress, the law actually forbid women from wearing pants. Therefore, male soldiers often overlooked women in uniform simply because they were unaccustomed to seeing them don trousers.</p> <p>The background of female soldiers also played a role in their ability to serve undetected. A majority of these women came from working class or farming backgrounds and were already accustomed to the tasks required of soldiers, such as shooting, riding horses, or performing manual labor.   Yet another factor that enabled women soldiers to blend in was the fact that there were large numbers of young boys who served in both armies.  The presence of youthful lads who often lacked facial hair and had higher-pitched voices led men to easily mistake a female soldier for a pre-pubescent boy.</p> <p>Because women served disguised as men, researchers will never be able to pinpoint exactly how many served as soldiers during the Civil War.  Estimates range anywhere from the hundreds to the thousands.  When considering nearly three million men fought, it is obvious that women comprised an insignificant number of the fighting force. Yet, they suffered and gave their lives like their male comrades for the same causes.  They performed the same duties and fought in every major campaign of the war, including engagements in Mississippi.</p> <p>From the beginning, military officials from both sides deemed major resources in the Magnolia State — such as the Mississippi River and network of railroads — vital to the war effort.  The desire to control these resources led armies to clash in bloody battle and standing in the front lines of these battles were women in disguise.</p> <p>Almeda Hart, one of the notable women who served in Mississippi, followed her husband Henry to war when he enlisted in the 127th Illinois Infantry.  Disguised as “James Strong,” she served as a courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.  Fought December 26-29, 1862, it was the first major attempt by the Federals to capture Vicksburg, the last Confederate stronghold along the Mississippi River.  Prior to the engagement, she wrote a letter to her mother reassuring her that she was armed with “2 good braces of pistols and a good sabre” and could take care of herself as she rode across the battlefield carrying messages.</p> <p>Joining Almeda Hart in the Federal army during this engagement was a German woman known only by her male alias, “Charles Junghaus,” who enlisted in the 3rd Missouri Infantry. She was not the only woman to serve in a Missouri unit in Mississippi.   Deeply divided, the “Show Me” state sent Federal and Confederate units into service during the Civil War.  Therefore, it is not surprising that regiments from Missouri found themselves opposing each other, as was the case in Vicksburg.  On the Federal side was Junghaus with the 3rd Missouri.  In the Confederate service was at least one woman with Brigadier General Francis Cockrell’s Missouri brigade.  Described as “tan, dirty, [and] freckled,” this unknown woman fought in multiple battles in Mississippi.</p> <p>Another female soldier in Mississippi was Irish immigrant Jennie Hodgers. She enlisted as “Albert Cashier” in the 95th Illinois Infantry.  With her regiment, she saw action during Grant’s Mississippi Central Railroad Campaign in late 1862.  Then, at Vicksburg six months later, Confederates captured Hodgers while she was on a reconnaissance mission. The feisty woman managed to escape by grabbing her captor’s rifle and knocking him down with it.  She further displayed her spirited nature when she defiantly stood upon the works at Vicksburg and taunted the Confederates. Today, visitors at Vicksburg National Military Park can find Jennie Hodgers’s alias inscribed inside the Illinois monument.  Misspelled as “Albert D.J. Cashire,” it appears on the tablet for Co. G of the 95th Illinois Infantry.</p> <p>After the fall of Vicksburg, Hodgers and her regiment occupied Natchez until October 1863, after which they headed to Louisiana to participate in the ill-fated Red River Campaign which concluded in May 1864.  Following the Union failure there, Pvt. Cashier and her male comrades engaged in another disastrous venture that culminated in the Battle of Brice’s Crossroads in Mississippi where feared Confederate cavalry leader Nathan Bedford Forrest routed Federal forces in June 1864.  The diminutive Irishwoman managed to survive not only the fateful battle but also the war.</p> <p>As for women soldiers from Mississippi, research reveals several who served.  But because those who recorded their accounts did not identify them, their names have been lost to history.  One such soldier was a runaway enslaved girl from Natchez who served for a few weeks as “William Bradley.”  A light-skinned Black girl, she passed as a white man in Miles’ Legion, a Confederate unit.  Her service came to an abrupt end, however, when her master recognized her while she was marching up Main Street in Natchez with her company in April 1862.</p> <p>Two years later in July 1864, Brigadier General Winfield Scott Featherston led his brigade of all Mississippi units in an ill-fated charge during the Battle of Peach Tree Creek in Georgia.  Two of the Mississippians who were injured and captured during the engagement turned out to be women.  One of them had been shot in the ankle, resulting in a Federal surgeon amputating her foot.  The other had been shot in the chest and thigh.  Unfortunately, no further information is known about her, but with such grievous wounds, she likely did not return home to Mississippi.</p> <p>Like their names, the heroic deeds of women soldiers have largely been forgotten by history, yet they served as inspirations to influential people such as Mississippi author William Faulkner, who included a woman soldier in his work. Drusilla Sartoris, a character in his 1938 novel, <em>The Unvanquished</em>, disguised herself as a man and fought with her uncle’s cavalry regiment in order to avenge the deaths of her fiancé and father.</p> <p>The legacy of female fighters in the Civil War still endures.  Their accomplishments helped pave the way for current women soldiers to serve in all combat roles, a right the government granted them in 2015, over 150 years after females were already fighting and dying on Civil War battlefields. Among those were women from Mississippi and their sister soldiers from other areas who fought in battles in the Magnolia State.  These female fighters bring to light a new understanding of Mississippi’s Civil War history.</p> <p><em>Shelby Harriel is an instructor of mathematics at Pearl River Community College. This article was adapted from her book</em>, Behind the Rifle Women Soldiers in Civil War Mississippi, <em>which was published in 2019 by University Press of Mississippi.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>Sources</h3> <p>Harriel, Shelby. <em>Behind the Rifle:  Women Soldiers in Civil War Mississippi.</em>  Jackson, MS:  University Press of Mississippi, 2019.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2021-11/1121%20-%20Forgotten%20Soldiers.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou. She followed her husband, Henry, to war in the 127th Illinois Infantry. She was about twenty-five years old at the time of the battle. This is a younger photo of her. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.&quot;}" role="button" title="Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou. She followed her husband, Henry, to war in the 127th Illinois Infantry. She was about twenty-five years old at the time of the battle. This is a younger photo of her. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7170-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou. She followed her husband, Henry, to war in the 127th Illinois Infantry. She was about twenty-five years old at the time of the battle. This is a younger photo of her. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2021-11/1121%20-%20Forgotten%20Soldiers.jpg" width="1405" height="1126" alt="Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou." title="Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou. She followed her husband, Henry, to war in the 127th Illinois Infantry. She was about twenty-five years old at the time of the battle. This is a younger photo of her. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1122.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry. He served as a blacksmith for Brigadier General David Stuart. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry.&quot;}" role="button" title="Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry. He served as a blacksmith for Brigadier General David Stuart. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7170-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry. He served as a blacksmith for Brigadier General David Stuart. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1122.jpg" width="2535" height="4200" alt="Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry." title="Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry. He served as a blacksmith for Brigadier General David Stuart. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1123.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G. She served for the duration of the war with the 95th Illinois, which fought approximately 40 battles, including the Siege of Vicksburg.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G.&quot;}" role="button" title="Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G. She served for the duration of the war with the 95th Illinois, which fought approximately 40 battles, including the Siege of Vicksburg." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7170-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G. She served for the duration of the war with the 95th Illinois, which fought approximately 40 battles, including the Siege of Vicksburg.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1123.jpg" width="340" height="415" alt="Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G." title="Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G. She served for the duration of the war with the 95th Illinois, which fought approximately 40 battles, including the Siege of Vicksburg." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1124.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry with an unknown pard. Vicksburg National Military Park.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry.&quot;}" role="button" title="Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry with an unknown pard. Vicksburg National Military Park." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7170-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry with an unknown pard. Vicksburg National Military Park.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1124.jpg" width="1500" height="2281" alt="Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry." title="Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry with an unknown pard. Vicksburg National Military Park." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/lesson-plan/mississippi%27s-forgotten-soldiers" hreflang="en">Mississippi&#039;s Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War Lesson Plan</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 18 Feb 2020 06:00:00 +0000 usnext 7170 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Mississippi's Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War Lesson Plan http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/lesson-plan/mississippi%27s-forgotten-soldiers <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mississippi&#039;s Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/18/2020 - 00:00</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>Teaching Levels</h2> <p>Grades 7 through 9</p> <h2>Curricular Connections</h2> <p>2018 Mississippi College-and Career-Readiness Standards for the Social Studies</p> <h4><em>Mississippi Studies and Regions</em></h4> <ul><li>E.4.1.4 - Determine roles of women on the home front and battlefront during and after the Civil War.</li> <li>H.4.5.2 - Examine historical events that are significant to Mississippi culture.</li> </ul><h4><em>US History from Exploration to Reconstruction/Civics and the World</em></h4> <ul><li>7C.14.4 - Evaluate the contributions of women, African Americans and other minority groups to the war effort.</li> </ul><h4><em>US History: Exploration to 1877</em></h4> <ul><li>8.9.4 - Evaluate the contributions of women, African Americans and other minority groups to the war effort.</li> </ul><h2>Proposed Time Frame</h2> <p>Two to three 50-minute class periods <em>(flexible based on which tasks are completed in class together or assigned as independent work to be completed outside of the classroom)</em></p> <h2>Materials / Equipment</h2> <ol><li>Mississippi History Now article</li> <li>Group Discussion Questions</li> <li>Computer with internet access</li> <li>White board / chalk board</li> <li>Analysis of Dangers T Chart</li> <li>Paper</li> <li>Pen/pencil</li> </ol><h2>Lesson Introduction</h2> <h4>Pre-teaching:</h4> <ol><li>Ask students who comes to mind when imagining a Civil War solider. Collect answers on the board. (Keep track of any names of famous generals/types of people/describe them)</li> <li>Ask students to brainstorm what personality traits would make a good soldier.</li> <li>Finally, ask them to describe what they imagine a Civil War era solider would look like.</li> </ol><h4>True/False Pretest</h4> <p>(can be completed verbally using thumbs up/down or other silent visual cue)</p> <ol><li>All soldiers dressed in either standard blue or grey uniforms and there was great uniformity among the appearance of various groups. ( T/F )</li> <li>Victorian women did not enjoy many legal rights or social opportunities. ( T/F )</li> <li>Army surgeons performed an in-depth medical examination on all recruits enlisting the military during the Civil War. ( T/F )</li> <li>All recruits to the armies of the Union and the Confederacy had to prove that they were at least 18 years old prior to being allowed to join. ( T/F )</li> <li>Far from the capitals of Washington and Richmond, and without many natural resources, the state of Mississippi saw very little actual battle and conflict during the war. ( T/F )</li> <li>Women were granted privileges to serve in combat roles in the United States military in 2015, but some would argue that they have been serving in those capacities in hidden ways for hundreds of years. ( T/F )</li> </ol><h2>Lesson</h2> <ol><li>Assign the article “Mississippi’s Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War” for students to read prior to class as homework, or read aloud as a class as time permits and for younger grades</li> <li>Access Civil War timeline for context (Depending on when in your history course and how you use this article, students may need more or less context for events the Civil War and their ability to understand the importance of Vicksburg and other campaigns mentioned) <p><a href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-war-in-america/timeline.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-war-in-america/timeline.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>If the battlefield wasn’t expected to be a women's place, what was? Read together (or assign for homework) “Women in Nineteenth-Century America” by Dr. Graham Warder, Keene State College</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/woman-suffrage/women-in-nineteenth-century-america-2/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/woman-suffrage/women-in-nineteenth-century-america-2/</a>"</p> </li> </ol><h4>Brainstorm as a class:</h4> <ul><li>What effect did the “Market Revolution” have on women’s lives?</li> <li>What was the doctrine of “separate spheres”?</li> <li>Where did 19th century women typically have influence?</li> <li>What would be different in the lives of poorer rural women and women of the new “middle class”?</li> </ul><h2>Class Discussion</h2> <h4>Group Discussion Questions</h4> <p>After reading MS History Now article “Mississippi’s Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War,” form students into teams to answer the following questions in complete sentences. Use their responses to guide a class discussion about the article and its place in their study of the Civil War.</p> <ol><li>Why did men join the military when the Civil War broke out?</li> <li>What hardships did soldiers face while serving in the military?</li> <li>Why would female soldiers from a working class or farming background have an easier time blending in to an all male military?</li> <li>Why was victory in the state of Mississippi considered important to their success for both Union and Confederate Armies?</li> <li>Describe the personal story and motivations of Ameda Hart.</li> <li>Describe the personal story and motivations of “William Bradley”.</li> <li>In your own words, describe the legacy of female fighters in the Civil War.</li> </ol><h2>Activity 1</h2> <ol><li>Have students brainstorm a list things that were dangerous to a Civil War solider.</li> <li>T chart - What would be a threat to both male and female soldiers, and how would their worries depart?</li> </ol><h2>Activity 2</h2> <p>Primary Source - Homer, Winslow, “Our Women and the War, from Harper's Weekly, September 6, 1862,” Smithsonian American Art Museum, <a href="https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/our-women-and-war-harpers-weekly-september-6-1862-37064" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/our-women-and-war-harpers-weekly-september-6-1862-37064</a>.</p> <ol><li>“Our Women and the War,” an engraving by Winslow Homer, was published in Harper’s Weekly in1862. In small groups, have students analyze this visual primary resource using National Archives Primary source analysis tool <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/education/lessons/worksheets/artwork-analysis-worksheet.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Artwork Analysis Worksheet</a> (also see link below lesson plan). <ul><li>Additionally - have students address the following questions in groups: <ul><li>What roles are women shown performing?</li> <li>How are the women dressed for those roles?</li> <li>What physical environments / locations are women shown in?</li> <li>How do those roles reflect the values associated with a women’s place in Victorian society?</li> <li>What is the historic context?</li> <li>Where was this image original published? Who was its audience?</li> <li>How does this image tells its story?</li> <li>Does this engraving have a point of view? (Describe your position and give evidence to support your assertion)</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li>Create a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting the roles of women in this image with the roles played by Almeda Hart (James Strong), “Charles Junghaus,” Jennie Hodgers (Albert Cashier), “William Bradely,” and the other unnamed women who fought as men mentioned in “Mississippi’s Forgotten Soldiers.”</li> <li>Using the data collected from their primary source analysis tool, their discussion questions, and their Venn diagram, students should write an essay discussing the various roles and contributions of women during the conflicts of the Civil War.</li> </ol><h2>Closure</h2> <p>Have students reflect on the daily lives of soldiers past and present. Reflect on how their sacrifices, contributions, and hard work changed the world in which we live.</p> <p><em>Exit ticket activity</em>: have students brainstorm what their own reaction would have been if they were the surgeon who accidentally discovered the true identity of a critically wounded female patient in their care. “What would you feel? What would you do? What would the consequences of your choices be, for your patient, for their unit, and for yourself?”</p> <h2>Lesson Extensions</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://junior.scholastic.com/issues/2017-18/121117/women-on-the-front-lines.html#1080L" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Research Modern women in the military</a> (some examples)</li> <li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/most-impressive-women-in-the-military-2013-7#sgt-leigh-ann-hester-killed-several-enemy-combatants-while-under-attack-in-iraq-saving-american-lives-3)" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/most-impressive-women-in-the-military-2013-7#sgt-leigh-ann-hester-killed-several-enemy-combatants-while-under-attack-in-iraq-saving-american-lives-3)</a></li> <li>Have students interview and record oral histories with modern local women in the armed services</li> <li>Have students access the National Archives 3 Part Article on <a href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Women Soldiers of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="https://english.hku.hk/staff/kjohnson/PDF/WelterBarbaraCULTWOMANHOODinAQ1966.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860</a>, Author(s): Barbara WelterSource: American Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 2, Part 1 (Summer, 1966), pp. 151-174</li> <li>Students can access and read other <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mississippi History Now</a> articles about the Civil War in MS and 19th Century MS Women (a few examples): <ul><li><a href="/issue/mississippi-soldiers-in-the-civil-war" rel="noopener" target="_blank">“Mississippi Soldiers in the Civil War”</a>, by John F. Marszalek and Clay Williams</li> <li><a href="/issue/the-road-to-war-1846-1860" rel="noopener" target="_blank">“The Road to War (1846-1860)”</a>, by Clay Williams</li> <li><a href="/issue/vicksburg-during-the-civil-war-1862-1863" rel="noopener" target="_blank">“Vicksburg During the Civil War (1862-1863): A Campaign; A Siege”</a>, by Michael B. Ballard</li> </ul></li> </ul><h2>Useful External Links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/education/lessons/worksheets/artwork-analysis-worksheet.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.archives.gov/files/education/lessons/worksheets/artwork-analysis-worksheet.pdf</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.loc.gov/teachers/usingprimarysources/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/teachers/usingprimarysources/</a></li> <li><a href="https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/women-in-the-civil-war/teaching-guide#tabs" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/women-in-the-civil-war/teaching-guide#tabs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/civil-war/war/timeline/#/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/civil-war/war/timeline/#/</a></li> </ul></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lp-author--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lp-author field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Sydney Pinnen</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/mississippis-forgotten-soldiers" hreflang="en">Mississippi&#039;s Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Theme</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/29" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time Period</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 18 Feb 2020 06:00:00 +0000 usnext 7168 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/jefferson-davis-soldier-home-beauvoir <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/11/2017 - 14:52</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> January 2017 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Susannah J. Ural <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Three weeks before Christmas of 1903, J. R. Climer of Madison County, Mississippi, became the first resident of the Jefferson Davis Soldier Home, Beauvoir — Mississippi’s home for Confederate veterans and their wives and widows on the Mississippi Gulf Coast in Biloxi. Climer was a Tennessean by birth and a veteran of Company A of the Madison Light Artillery that fought in General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia at some of the most famous battles of the American Civil War. When the war began, Climer was a tombstone agent in Canton. By 1900, he had moved to the community of Flora where Climer rented a home and sold groceries. He never married, and he was not entirely sure of the year he was born. He had received some formal schooling before the war, and he was able to support himself into the twentieth century. By 1903, however, James Climer was in his late seventies (or so he thought), and he applied to enter the Confederate veteran home when word reached Canton that it would open on December 1. Delays pushed the official opening back ten days, but word of the delay did not reach Climer before he departed for the Coast. Despite the construction around him, ladies from the Biloxi chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (<span class="caps">UDC</span>) scrambled to make Climer comfortable when he moved in on December 2. The Jefferson Davis Soldier Home officially opened on December 10, and fifteen additional men joined Climer as its residents.</p> <p>Mississippi was the second state to secede from the Union and the second-to-last state to establish a home for its aging veterans, though not from a lack of concern about veterans’ needs. Mindful of the human cost of war, Mississippi legislators began allocating funds for wounded and indigent soldiers and their families in the first years of the Civil War, and the legislature debated bills to open a state home for veterans in the 1880s. J. R. Climer’s awkward arrival at an unfinished Beauvoir, however, was representative of the difficult process of the home’s creation. Limited funds and disagreements on how to best care for veterans plagued efforts until the problem received the focused attention of the Mississippi Division of the <span class="caps">UDC</span>.</p> <p>Constructed from 1848 until 1852, the future Confederate home was originally named “Orange Grove” by its first occupant, James Brown of Madison County, Mississippi. The property was later renamed “Beauvoir” by Sarah Ellis Dorsey when she purchased the property in the 1870s. Dorsey sold the property to Jefferson Davis in 1879. The first and only President of the Confederate States of America wrote his famous memoir, <em>The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government,</em> at Beauvoir and spent the last twelve years of his life at this beautiful, coastal location. After Davis died in 1889, his widow, Varina, and daughter, Winnie, had difficulty maintaining the property as their resources dwindled. After securing attractive writing contracts from the <em>New York World</em>, the women moved to New York City for Varina’s health. Following the hurricane of 1893, which severely damaged Beauvoir and many coastal communities, the preservation of the property became the cause of Mary Hunter Southworth Kimbrough of Greenwood, Mississippi, who spent summers with her husband, Judge Allan McCaskill Kimbrough, at Ashton Hall, located near Beauvoir in Biloxi. A friend of the Davises, Mary Kimbrough worked to raise funds to restore the property as “the Mount Vernon of the Confederacy.” While appreciative, Varina Davis worried that the cost of maintaining the home would always be sizable, and her health remained such that doctors did not want her living on the southern coast. Davis suggested in late 1894 that she would be willing to sell the home, and it was here that the women (it is not clear which one) launched the idea of turning Beauvoir into Mississippi’s home for aging Confederate veterans and their wives and widows.</p> <p>Over the next eight years, the Mississippi <span class="caps">UDC</span> worked to raise the $10,000 that Davis requested for the home. This sum would provide her with adequate funds to support herself and her daughter, and it was a bargain for the state. (A hotel developer had recently offered Davis $90,000 for the property, but she refused). The <span class="caps">UDC</span> implemented numerous fundraising plans while battling a reluctant state legislature. Most lawmakers in the 1890s were convinced that Mississippi’s 26,728 Confederate veterans and 3,830 widows preferred to remain within their own communities and to receive pensions directly from the state.</p> <p>By 1899, the <span class="caps">UDC</span>’s efforts were failing when Lizzie George Henderson of the J. Z. George <span class="caps">UDC</span> Chapter of Greenwood, Mississippi, launched a campaign to contact county clerks across the state to ascertain the number and condition of poor veterans in their areas. Henderson also wrote and sponsored trips to other state homes in order to research the costs involved with opening and running a veterans’ facility. At the 1901 reunion of the United Confederate Veterans in Memphis, Tennessee, Henderson also secured the signatures of nearly 600 veterans who clarified their desire for a state home. Although this information was formally presented to the governor and the state legislature, the plan continued to languish until the Mississippi Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans (<span class="caps">SCV</span>) convinced state leaders that the home was a necessity. By 1902, however, the entire effort was on the verge of collapse once more. Tensions developed as the <span class="caps">UDC</span> felt that their fundraising efforts had been sidelined by the <span class="caps">SCV</span>, and Varina Davis’s relationship with certain <span class="caps">UDC</span> officers fractured over her concerns that the <span class="caps">UDC</span> would diminish or even erase her family’s connection to the home. Despite these concerns, the <span class="caps">SCV</span> finally secured the funds necessary to purchase the home. The <span class="caps">SCV</span> also agreed to Davis’s request that her family be forever honored at Beauvoir and that the Beauvoir <span class="caps">UDC</span> Chapter be allowed run it. (The latter request, however, was not fulfilled until the mid-1920s.) The <span class="caps">UDC</span> and <span class="caps">SCV</span> applauded the results of their long-fought struggle, and the <span class="caps">UDC</span> agreed to use the funds they raised to furnish the home and grounds. In February of 1903, the sale was finalized with the delivery of $8,000 in cash and a $2,000 promissory note. During the following year, the state took on the responsibility of funding the operation of the facility, which eventually comprised twelve barracks that held twenty-four people per building and four residents per room. The grounds also included a dining hall, chapel, hospital, and houses for servants and staff.</p> <p>For the next fifty-four years, over 1,800 impoverished Confederate veterans, wives, and widows called Beauvoir home. Like similar facilities across the nation, there were occasional charges levied against the home concerning use of funds and care of the residents. However, all state investigations of these charges found them to be largely without grounds. In 1916, Governor Theodore G. Bilbo appointed Elnathan and Helen Tartt as superintendent and matron of the home. Except for one four-year gap, the Tartts continuously occupied these positions until the 1940s. (The couple often exchanged roles, with Helen sometimes serving as an independent superintendent, a rare role for a woman.) The Tartts ran the home respectfully and efficiently, setting Beauvoir apart from other veterans’ facilities in the country.</p> <p>According to R. B. Rosenburg, a leading scholar on Confederate homes, veteran homes across the South were often characterized by overregulation and overbearing superintendents who treated the residents like prisoners or children. The veterans, Rosenburg argued, were trotted out for Confederate memorials and parades as though they were “living monuments” but were otherwise largely forgotten by the public. Historians James Marten and Elna Green, however, have countered this image by arguing that southern facilities fared better than their northern counterparts because Confederate veterans were linked to southern belief in the Lost Cause. The association of veterans with the Lost Cause created more public support for southern veterans even when reports surfaced of veterans drinking, arguing, gambling, cursing, and occasionally attacking a staff member or each other. Residents of veterans’ homes felt similar pressure to live up to their reputation within the Lost Cause narrative. Still, Marten argues that contemporary reports on or coming from veteran homes created, especially in the North but also in the South, “two extreme stereotypes of veterans: feeble and incapable, or drunken and irresponsible. Americans seemed to think of residents of soldiers’ homes as less than truly men, and at least some of the men trapped in these stately prisons of gratitude agreed.”</p> <p>A study of the Jefferson Davis Soldier Home begun by the University of Southern Mississippi in 2014, known as the Beauvoir Veteran Project, challenged this image of unhappy residents isolated from society in poorly run facilities. The Beauvoir Veteran Project studied the home from 1903 through its closing in 1957 and traced the home’s residents from the 1850s through the twentieth century. The study supplemented the limited number of letters, diaries, or memoirs from veteran residents with census, military service, pension, and newspaper records from the period. Contrary to common perceptions of veterans’ home residents as illiterate, chronically impoverished, and isolated, the study’s findings revealed that the majority of Beauvoir’s residents were literate, raised in middle-class families, and active in the Biloxi community while living at Beauvoir. Researchers have also found that Beauvoir residents were not “trapped in . . . stately prisons.” Except for the severely ill, most veterans, wives, and widows were only temporary residents of Beauvoir. Many were “honorably discharged” when family members found the means to care for them at home. Some of these residents later returned, only to leave again, while others returned and remained and Beauvoir until their deaths. The Beauvoir Veteran Project has revealed a far more fluid and active home than historians have traditionally understood Confederate soldier facilities to be. The project has also shown that Beauvoir challenges the idea that these were traditionally all-male facilities. Mississippi’s Confederate home was one of the few to welcome female residents throughout its operation, to have a woman superintendent, and to have women (<span class="caps">UDC</span> members) serving on its board of directors since the 1920s.</p> <p>In its prime, 250 men and women called Beauvoir home. The facility bustled with skits, readings, trips to veteran reunions, weddings of residents, and numerous social visits by local residents and dignitaries. As would be expected for a home with aging residents, Beauvoir also conducted a host of funerals. While some residents or their families requested that the bodies of their loved ones be sent home for burial, over 700 veterans, wives, and widows were buried at the Beauvoir Cemetery located behind the home and barracks. On February 19, 1957, the home’s last two residents, widows Mollie Lavenia Bailey of Rosedale and Mollie Cottle of Rolling Fork, were moved to another retirement home. At that time, the state of Mississippi officially closed the Jefferson Davis Soldier Home – Beauvoir and returned the control and maintenance of the property to the <span class="caps">SCV</span>.</p> <p><em>Lisa C. Foster is pursuing her master’s degree in the Department of History at the University of Southern Mississippi. Her master’s thesis analyzes Mississippi’s state and local policies for helping poor veterans and their families during and after the American Civil War.</em></p> <p><em>Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D. is professor of history at the University of Southern Mississippi and director of the Beauvoir Veteran Project.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>Sources and suggested readings:</h3> <p>Foster, Lisa A. “A Sentimental Idea: The Jefferson Davis Beauvoir Memorial Soldiers’ Home, 1903-1957.” Honors Thesis, University of Southern Mississippi, 2008.</p> <p>“The Beauvoir Veteran Project,” <a href="http://beauvoirveteranproject.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">http://beauvoirveteranproject.org/.</a></p> <p>Flowers, Richard R. <em>The Chronicles of Beauvoir: The Last Home of Jefferson Davis, A History.</em> Baltimore: Otter Bay Books, 2009.</p> <p>Green, Elna C. “Protecting Confederate Soldiers and Mothers: Pensions, Gender, and the Welfare State in the U. S. South, a Case Study from Florida.” <em>Journal of Social History 39</em> (Summer 2006): 1079-1104.</p> <p>Marten, James. <em>Sing Not War: The Lives of Union &amp; Confederate Veterans in Gilded Age America.</em> Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.</p> <p>Mass, V. B. “Jefferson Davis Dining Hall Record,” 1919-1920. http://www.lib.usm.edu/spcol/exhibitions/itemofthemonth/iomaug08.html.</p> <p>Rosenburg, R. B. <em>Living Monuments: Confederate Soldiers’ Homes in the New South</em>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993.</p> <p>Thompson, James West. <em>Beauvoir: A Walk Through History.</em> Biloxi: Beauvoir Press, 2005.</p> <h3>Other Mississippi History Now articles</h3> <p><a href="/issue/sarah-anne-ellis-dorsey-a-woman-of-uncommon-mind" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sarah Anne Ellis Dorsey: A Woman of Uncommon Mind</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/mississippi-soldiers-in-the-civil-war" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mississippi Soldiers in the Civil War</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/black-confederate-pensioners-after-the-civil-war" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Black Confederate Pensioners after the Civil War</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1072.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Beauvoir, 1936. 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V, 1-3." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1073.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Jefferson Davis at his favorite seat looking out over the Gulf of Mexico at Beauvoir. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC- USZ62-92719.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Jefferson Davis &quot;}" role="button" title="Jefferson Davis at his favorite seat looking out over the Gulf of Mexico at Beauvoir. 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Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1075.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of the Confederate Soldiers Home Hospital in 1955. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Confederate Soldiers Home Hospital in 1955&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of the Confederate Soldiers Home Hospital in 1955. 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Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1076.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel in 1955. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel in 1955.&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel in 1955. 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Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1077.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of the interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of the interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel. 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Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/node/7183" hreflang="en">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir Lesson Plan</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Wed, 11 Jan 2017 20:52:37 +0000 usnext 7154 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Sarah Dickey: Indomitable Mississippi Educator Lesson Plan http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/lesson-plan/sarah-dickey-indomitable-mississippi-educator-lesson-plan <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sarah Dickey: Indomitable Mississippi Educator Lesson Plan </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 12/12/2016 - 08:46</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>Overview</h2> <p>Sarah Dickey was a young women in her twenties when she was sent on a mission by the United Brethren Church to Vicksburg, Mississippi. Between 1863 and 1865, she helped operate a school in Vicksburg for newly emancipated slaves. It was during this time that Dickey realized her life’s calling – to teach African American children during one of the most turbulent times in American history. After the war, she enrolled at Mount Holyoke, a female college in Massachusetts known for training teachers. She received her teaching diploma in 1869 and returned to Mississippi where she taught at Freedmen’s Bureau schools in Raymond and Clinton. In 1875, she opened Mount Hermon Seminary for Colored Females, a seminary for African American females in Clinton modeled after beloved Mount Holyoke. At Mount Hermon, Dickey oversaw the training of hundreds of African American women as teachers. Mount Hermon closed its doors in 1924 following Dickey’s death in 1904. Her life’s work, however, lived on through the work of students who went on to teach African American children in segregated schools throughout Mississippi.</p> <h2>Curricular Connections</h2> <p>Mississippi Studies Framework: Competencies 3 and 4</p> <h2>Common Core</h2> <p>RH.1-2; <span class="caps">WHST</span>.2, 4-6</p> <h2>Teaching Level</h2> <p>Grades 7 through 12</p> <h2>Materials/Equipment</h2> <ul><li>Mississippi History Now article, “ Sarah Dickey: Indomitable Mississippi Educator”</li> <li><a href="/sites/default/files/2021-09/Sarah%20Dickey%20Chart.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sarah Dickey Life Chart</a></li> <li>Worksheet</li> <li>Unlined paper or poster board</li> <li>Computer (optional for essay and timeline)</li> </ul><h2>Objectives</h2> <p>The students will:</p> <ol><li>Construct a timeline of events in the life of Sarah Dickey.</li> <li>Examine significant events and details about her life.</li> <li>Compose an essay about the life of Sarah Dickey.</li> </ol><h2>Opening the Lesson</h2> <p>The teacher will ask the students the following questions:</p> <ol><li>What type of career interests you?</li> <li>Why do you want to pursue this career?</li> <li>Why do you think teachers chose education?</li> </ol><p>During the class discussion, the teacher will inform the students that they will learn about the life and career of Mississippi teacher Sarah Dickey.</p> <h2>Developing the Lesson</h2> <ol><li>As the students read the Mississippi History Now article on Sarah Dickey, they will take note of significant events in order to construct a timeline.</li> <li>With a partner, students will create a timeline outlining what they feel are the ten most significant events in the life of Sarah Dickey. The students will create the timelines on unlined paper or small poster board.</li> <li>Once the students complete the timeline, the teacher will ask for student volunteers to share the events listed on their timelines. During the discussion, the teacher will ask the students why they consider the events selected as important to the life of Sarah Dickey.</li> <li>The teacher will distribute a copy of the Sarah Dickey worksheet to each student. Once the students complete the worksheet, they will share their work in small groups.</li> </ol><h2>Closing the Lesson</h2> <p>Using their previous work and the Mississippi History Now article, the teacher will ask the students to write an essay about Sarah Dickey’s life that addresses the following questions:</p> <ol><li>How did the time period of Sarah Dickey’s life create both opportunity and obstacles for her work in education?</li> <li>Why should Sarah Dickey be remembered exemplary educator?</li> </ol><h2>Assessing Student Learning</h2> <ul><li>Class participation</li> <li>Small group discussion</li> <li>Sarah Dickey Life Chart</li> <li>Worksheet</li> <li>Essay</li> </ul><h2>Extending the Lesson</h2> <ul><li>Compare and contrast the training and education of teachers today to the training of teachers during the nineteenth century.</li> <li>Plan a Sarah Dickey Day program to be celebrated during National Education Week or Teacher Appreciation Week that also incorporates honoring current teachers.</li> <li>Invite a guest speaker to talk about the history of local schools.</li> <li>Invite a guest speaker to talk about teacher education programs.</li> <li>Have students research the history of their school or school district.</li> <li>Use other Mississippi History Now articles, such as the ones listed below, to create a unit that incorporates contemporary Mississippi history events in the life of Sarah Dickey. <ul><li>The Clinton Riot of 1875: From Riot to Massacre</li> <li>Reconstruction in Mississippi, 1865-1876</li> <li>Isaiah T. Montgomery, 1847-1924</li> <li>Civil War: Vicksburg During the Civil War (1862-1863): A Campaign; A Siege</li> </ul></li> </ul><h2>Other Mississippi History Now articles:</h2> <p><a href="/issue/the-clinton-riot-of-1875-from-riot-to-massacre" rel="noopener" target="_blank">The Clinton Riot of 1875: From Riot to Massacre</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/reconstruction-in-mississippi-1865-1876" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Reconstruction in Mississippi, 1865-1876</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/isaiah-t-montgomery-1847-1924-part-I" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Isaiah T. Montgomery, 1847-1924 (Part I)</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/isaiah-t-montgomery-1847-1924-part-ii" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Isaiah T. Montgomery, 1847-1924 (Part II)</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/vicksburg-during-the-civil-war-1862-1863" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Civil War: Vicksburg During the Civil War (1862-1863): A Campaign; A Siege</a></p> <p><em>Karla Smith is the Social Studies Department Chair at Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College’s Jefferson Davis Campus.</em></p> <h3><a href="https://www.mdah.ms.gov/teachers-students" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="caps">ADDITIONAL MISSISSIPPI</span> <span class="caps">HISTORY RESOURCES</span></a></h3> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lp-author--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lp-author field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Karla Smith</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/sarah-dickey-indomitable-mississippi-educator" hreflang="en">Sarah Dickey: Indomitable Mississippi Educator</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-media-lesson-plan--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-media-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-media-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-media-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Media</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-file.html.twig * media--document--default.html.twig * media--document.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="media media--type-document media--view-mode-default"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-document--document.html.twig * field--media--field-media-document.html.twig * field--media--document.html.twig * field--field-media-document.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-media-document field--type-file field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Document</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/sites/default/files/2021-09/Sarah%20Dickey%20Chart.pdf" class="file-download file-download-application file-download-pdf" target="_blank">Sarah Dickey Chart.pdf</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </article> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Theme</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/17" hreflang="en">Education</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/29" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time Period</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 12 Dec 2016 14:46:38 +0000 usnext 7153 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Sarah Dickey: Indomitable Mississippi Educator http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/sarah-dickey-indomitable-mississippi-educator <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sarah Dickey: Indomitable Mississippi Educator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 12/12/2016 - 08:07</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> December 2016 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Walter G. Howell <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/17" hreflang="en">Education</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/29" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>During Reconstruction, one of the most turbulent periods for race relations in the state’s history, Sarah Ann Dickey, a White female teacher from the North, became a pioneer by providing education to newly freed enslaved people in Mississippi. Dickey worked tirelessly and determinedly to improve the lives of the most vulnerable population group in the state, African American women and children. She believed that by educating Black women and training them to become teachers, dual paths of security and opportunity could be established for all freedmen. Ultimately, Dickey proved to be one of a small, but remarkable group of individuals who doggedly and determinedly pressed for vital, local changes in hopes of promoting racial harmony in post-Civil War Mississippi.</p> <p>Dickey was born in 1838 in rural Ohio. Her mother died in 1846 when she was only eight years old, and her father sent her to live with an aunt who also resided in Ohio. By age thirteen, Dickey had received no formal education or religious training. At age nineteen, she received a teaching certificate and began her teaching career. She joined the Church of the United Brethren in 1858.</p> <p>Dickey was teaching in Ohio when the American Civil War began in 1861. After the Emancipation Proclamation effectively freed enslaved people in Vicksburg following the fall of the city in July of 1863, the Church of the United Brethren sent Dickey and two other teachers to the former Confederate stronghold on a mission to “provide books and instruction for the mind” and “the gospel of Christ for the soul.” Dickey and her colleagues operated a school in Vicksburg for emancipated enslaved people for nineteen months. Although attendance was irregular during these months, more than three hundred students, mostly adults, flocked to the school, and a majority of them learned to read and write. The Church of the United Brethren also commissioned a church in Vicksburg, and in 1864, its chaplain performed more than three thousand official marriages for formerly enslaved people, whose prior, informal marriages were not legally recognized by the state. Dickey completed each certificate of marriage by hand for these couples.</p> <p>When the Civil War formally ended in April of 1865, Dickey’s work in Vicksburg also came to a close. She learned much during her time in Mississippi. She also became intimately familiar with the challenges and frustrations of formerly enslaved people as well as their dedication, resiliency, and warm affection. Dickey became convinced that if she were to continue in what she now recognized as her life’s work – teaching African American women and children of life beyond servitude – she would need more preparation and training herself.</p> <p>With few resources but great with determination, Dickey enrolled at Mount Holyoke, a female college in Massachusetts which was considered the best college in America at the time for training teachers. Within four years of her enrollment, Dickey mastered the curriculum as well as the college’s rigid structure of discipline and learning. She, however, gained much more than a piece of paper signifying her graduation in 1869. Through her affiliation with Mount Holyoke, Dickey gained a new family – the faculty and her classmates – who became her strongest supporters and defenders when she answered another mission call to return to Mississippi to teach. She first accepted a position with the American Missionary Association as a teacher in a school established in Raymond, Mississippi, by the Freedmen’s Bureau. However, when the Mississippi Legislature voted to fund public education in 1870 for both White and African American students, Dickey agreed to become the head of a new school established in nearby Clinton for African American children.</p> <p>Dickey’s presence in Clinton was troublesome. Local White people would not rent to her because of the purpose of her employment. She was eventually able to rent a room from Charles Caldwell, a state senator and leader in the local African American community. Dickey was also shunned by White Clintonians when she attended the local Methodist church and was harassed by students of nearby Mississippi College when she walked the town streets.</p> <p>Dickey taught at the Clinton school for a year before a lack of funding forced its closure. She was frustrated at first, but then learned of the pending sale of a property just outside the city limits where the antebellum Mount Hermon Seminary was located. Dickey came to believe that God wanted her to build a seminary for African American females in Clinton on the model of Mount Holyoke. She began raising funds and traveled to Ohio and Massachusetts where she won financial support from the United Brethren Church and her Mount Holyoke classmates. Senator Caldwell also persuaded his colleagues to donate to Dickey’s cause. Even local White people were attracted to her cause. For example, George Harper, the racist editor of the Hinds County Gazette, encouraged his readers to help Dickey. By 1875, she had enough money to buy the Mount Hermon Seminary property, which included one hundred and sixty acres of land, a large home, a barn, and other buildings.</p> <p>Dickey’s new Mount Hermon Seminary for Colored Females would have opened in September of 1875, but a riot broke out at the beginning of that month causing a delay. The riot originated at a Republican political rally which had been organized by Senator Caldwell and other local Black leaders. The riot and the massacre that followed resulted in the deaths of between thirty and fifty African American men. Dickey was also present at the rally and was deeply troubled by the events she witnessed. She even wrote a letter to President Ulysses S. Grant pleading for his help and intervention. She pleaded, “Allow a humble woman to address your Excellence in behalf of the poor oppressed colored people of the Southern states and especially of this State. Seeing, as I do that thousands of them are just on the eve of being sacrificed at the hand of the assassin, I cannot hold my peace.” Three months later, Senator Caldwell was assassinated in Clinton because of his participation in the rally.</p> <p>Dickey remained steadfast and determined to open the new school. She asked Walter Hillman, president of the White Central Female Institute in Clinton, to replace Caldwell as president of her biracial board of trustees, and Mount Hermon Seminary for Colored Females opened near the end of 1875. Based on the Mount Holyoke model, the students followed a regimen of rooming together, eating together, attending classes together, and sharing household duties of the school. Dickey and her sister taught classes, and Sarah also served as chaplain for the school. Her administrative duties required annual visits to her constituents in the North to raise money.</p> <p>The females who attended Mount Hermon Seminary for Colored Females were boarding students in the beginning, but Dickey later allowed local girls to enroll as day students. Her church in Ohio paid for a school bell to signal the beginning of the school day for students who lived nearby. Dickey later purchased an additional one hundred and twenty acres of land from Walter Hillman and offered to sell the land in one acre plots to the fathers of her day students. She insisted that these men partner with her in the venture by paying a modest sum for the land. As lots were sold and houses built, the area became known as “Dickeyville” and still exists as a predominately African American community in Clinton today.</p> <p>Dickey eventually earned and even commanded the respect and support of the White citizens of Clinton and nearby Jackson. She maintained good relations with the White political leadership when Reconstruction ended in 1876. When the postmaster of Clinton struck two of her students for not stepping off of a wood plank sidewalk as his wife approached them, Dickey talked to political leaders in Clinton and Jackson, and the man was removed from his position.</p> <p>At the age of sixty-six, Sarah Dickey died on January 23, 1904, after a brief illness. Following her death, the <em>Clarion Ledger,</em> a Jackson newspaper, ran this headline: “Miss Sarah Dickey Dead; Principal of a Negro School near Clinton…She had labored under many difficulties but overcame them all.” Dickey was buried in a little cemetery on the seminary grounds where two of her students and the daughter of a third student were also buried. During her lifetime, several hundred girls enrolled at Mount Hermon Female Seminary for Colored Females and more than two hundred earned a certificate to teach.</p> <p>Following Dickey’s death, her niece and other individuals attempted to lead the school. However, the challenges Sarah Dickey overcame became too great for her successors. Mount Hermon Seminary for Colored Females closed in 1924. No one could replace her. The site, however, remains a place of education. In 1956, Sumner Hill High School was dedicated on the property and exists today as Sumner Hill Junior High School.</p> <p>Sarah Dickey’s legacy to the people of Clinton is immeasurable. She helped to educate hundreds of teachers who took their training into the later segregated public schools of the city and the state by teaching the next generation of African American students. Her work can also be recognized by a proud African American community in Clinton known as ‘Dickeyville” and by a state historical marker dedicated by the City of Clinton to this remarkable woman of faith from Ohio.</p> <p>Walter G. Howell, Ph.D. <em>is a former mayor of Clinton and a retired professor of history who taught at Mississippi College for thirteen years. He currently serves as Clinton’s city historian.</em></p> <h2>Other Mississippi History <span class="caps">NOW</span> articles:</h2> <p><a href="/issue/the-clinton-riot-of-1875-from-riot-to-massacre" rel="noopener" target="_blank">The Clinton Riot of 1875: From Riot to Massacre</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/reconstruction-in-mississippi-1865-1876" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Reconstruction in Mississippi, 1865-1876</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/isaiah-t-montgomery-1847-1924-part-I" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Isaiah T. Montgomery, 1847-1924</a><a href="https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/isaiah-t-montgomery-1847-1924-part-I" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> (Part I)</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/isaiah-t-montgomery-1847-1924-part-ii" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Isaiah T. Montgomery, 1847-1924 (Part II)</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/vicksburg-during-the-civil-war-1862-1863" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Civil War: Vicksburg During the Civil War (1862-1863): A Campaign; A Siege</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>Sources and suggested readings:</h3> <p>Boutwell Report. 44th Cong., 1st <em>Sess., Mississippi in 1875,</em> Vols. I and II.</p> <p>Griffith, Helen. <em>Dauntless in Mississippi: The Life of Sarah A. Dickey 1838-1904.</em> Washington, D.C.: Zenger Publishing Co. Inc.: 1965.</p> <p>Howell, Walter. <em>Town and Gown: The Saga of Clinton and Mississippi College.</em> MI: McNaughton &amp; Gunn, 2014.</p> <p>Simon, John Y., ed., <em>The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Vol. 26: 1875.</em> Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1066.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Portrait of young Sarah Dickey. Courtesy of the Clinton Visitor Center, Clinton, Mississippi.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Young Sarah Dickey&quot;}" role="button" title="Portrait of young Sarah Dickey. Courtesy of the Clinton Visitor Center, Clinton, Mississippi." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7152-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Portrait of young Sarah Dickey. Courtesy of the Clinton Visitor Center, Clinton, Mississippi.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Young Sarah Dickey&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1066.jpg" width="526" height="768" alt="Young Sarah Dickey" title="Portrait of young Sarah Dickey. Courtesy of the Clinton Visitor Center, Clinton, Mississippi." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1067.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of Mount Herman Seminary Main Building and East Wing. Courtesy of The Clinton Visitor Center, Clinton, Mississippi.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Mt. Herman Main Building&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of Mount Herman Seminary Main Building and East Wing. Courtesy of The Clinton Visitor Center, Clinton, Mississippi." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7152-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of Mount Herman Seminary Main Building and East Wing. Courtesy of The Clinton Visitor Center, Clinton, Mississippi.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Mt. Herman Main Building&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1067.jpg" width="1024" height="613" alt="Mt. Herman Main Building" title="Photograph of Mount Herman Seminary Main Building and East Wing. Courtesy of The Clinton Visitor Center, Clinton, Mississippi." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1068.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of Sarah Dickey with the Mount Herman Female Seminary Class of 1897. Courtesy of The Clinton Visitor Center, Clinton, Mississippi.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Ladies of Mt. Herman&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of Sarah Dickey with the Mount Herman Female Seminary Class of 1897. Courtesy of The Clinton Visitor Center, Clinton, Mississippi." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7152-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of Sarah Dickey with the Mount Herman Female Seminary Class of 1897. Courtesy of The Clinton Visitor Center, Clinton, Mississippi.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Ladies of Mt. Herman&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1068.jpg" width="1024" height="596" alt="Ladies of Mt. Herman" title="Photograph of Sarah Dickey with the Mount Herman Female Seminary Class of 1897. Courtesy of The Clinton Visitor Center, Clinton, Mississippi." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1069.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Portrait of Sarah Dickey circa 1900. Photograph from http://commons.wikimedia.org.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Older Sarah Dickey&quot;}" role="button" title="Portrait of Sarah Dickey circa 1900. Photograph from http://commons.wikimedia.org." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7152-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Portrait of Sarah Dickey circa 1900. Photograph from http://commons.wikimedia.org.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Older Sarah Dickey&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1069.jpg" width="641" height="768" alt="Older Sarah Dickey" title="Portrait of Sarah Dickey circa 1900. Photograph from http://commons.wikimedia.org." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1070.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of Sarah Dickey gravesite in Clinton, Mississippi. Courtesy of Melissa Janczewski Jones.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Dickey Grave, December 2016&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of Sarah Dickey gravesite in Clinton, Mississippi. Courtesy of Melissa Janczewski Jones." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7152-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of Sarah Dickey gravesite in Clinton, Mississippi. Courtesy of Melissa Janczewski Jones.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Dickey Grave, December 2016&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1070.jpg" width="480" height="640" alt="Dickey Grave, December 2016" title="Photograph of Sarah Dickey gravesite in Clinton, Mississippi. Courtesy of Melissa Janczewski Jones." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1071.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of Sarah Dickey memorial erected by the City of Clinton in 2016 in front of Sumner Hill Junior High School. Courtesy of Melissa Janczewski Jones.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Dickey Marker, December 2016&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of Sarah Dickey memorial erected by the City of Clinton in 2016 in front of Sumner Hill Junior High School. Courtesy of Melissa Janczewski Jones." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7152-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of Sarah Dickey memorial erected by the City of Clinton in 2016 in front of Sumner Hill Junior High School. Courtesy of Melissa Janczewski Jones.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Dickey Marker, December 2016&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1071.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Dickey Marker, December 2016" title="Photograph of Sarah Dickey memorial erected by the City of Clinton in 2016 in front of Sumner Hill Junior High School. Courtesy of Melissa Janczewski Jones." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/lesson-plan/sarah-dickey-indomitable-mississippi-educator-lesson-plan" hreflang="en">Sarah Dickey: Indomitable Mississippi Educator Lesson Plan </a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 12 Dec 2016 14:07:43 +0000 usnext 7152 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Antebellum Mississippi http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/antebellum-mississippi <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Antebellum Mississippi</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 07/20/2015 - 15:28</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> July 2015 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Max Grivno <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The 1830s witnessed a succession of profound, and often wrenching, changes that remade Mississippi. At the start of the decade, White settlement was confined to the region between the Mississippi and Pearl Rivers and to another small pocket on the upper branches of the Tombigbee River. Despite the ratification of the Treaty of Doaks Stand (1820), most of the state remained in the hands of the Choctaws and Chickasaws. By 1840, these Native nations had been deported west of the Mississippi River, and the state had emerged as the nation’s leading cotton producer, forging a political culture that epitomized the Age of Jackson.</p> <p>Since the 1790s, the federal government had cast covetous eyes on Native lands in the southeast. Through a combination of assimilationist programs, debts accrued at federal trading houses, treaties, and warfare, the United States had gained control of loose pieces of Native land, but many nations—including the Choctaw and Chickasaw—remained entrenched on their lands. The election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 unleashed a renewed assault on the southeastern Native Americans. The passage of the Indian Removal Act (1830) allowed the national government to purchase the Native lands in the state and to forcibly relocate Native Americans to federal lands west of the Mississippi River. The state of Mississippi conspired with the federal government to place additional pressure on the Native nations. In 1829 and 1830, the legislature passed two State Law Extension Acts, which extended state laws over Choctaw territory, made it illegal for chiefs to exercise political authority, and abolished all Choctaw customs not recognized by the state of Mississippi. With the signing of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830), the <a href="/issue/mushulatubbee-and-choctaw-removal-chiefs-confront-a-changing-world">Choctaw</a> became the first nation to be expelled from their homeland and forced to resettle in the Indian Territory. In 1832, the <a href="/issue/chickasaws-the-unconquerable-people">Chickasaw</a> and the United States completed the Treaty of Pontotoc Creek, through which the Chickasaw were forced to cede their lands in northern Mississippi and be deported from the state.</p> <p>The deportation of the Choctaws and Chickasaws opened some of the nation’s most fertile farmland to cultivation at a time when soaring cotton prices and a general loosening of the credit markets promised quick profits to enterprising planters and slave traders looking to make their fortunes in the Southwest. Between 1833 and 1837, Mississippi’s five land offices sold some seven million acres of public lands, much of it on easy credit. Virginia attorney and humorist Joseph Glover Baldwin captured the heady, feverish enthusiasm of the times in his semi-autobiographical, <em>The Flush Times of Alabama and Mississippi</em>. Baldwin recalled, “The country was just settling up. Marvelous accounts had gone forth of the fertility of its virgin lands; and the products of the soil were commanding a price remunerating to slave labor as it had never been remunerated before.” Growing demand for cotton in England’s textile mills drove this economic dynamo, but its gears and pistons were lubricated by the cheap credit that emanated from English banks and that made its way to cotton factors in port cities like Mobile and New Orleans. Hoping to reap their share of the windfall, banks in the southwestern states began issuing notes with reckless abandon. “Money, or what passed for money, was the only cheap thing to be had,” Baldwin noted ruefully. “The State banks were issuing their bills by the sheet, like a patent steam printing-press its issues;” he continued, “and no other showing was asked of the applicant for the loan than an authentication of his great distress for money.”</p> <p>Between 1820 and 1833, Mississippi’s cotton production soared from approximately 20 million to 70 million pounds. By 1839, the opening of the Choctaw and Chickasaw lands had catapulted that figure to some 193.2 million pounds, making the state the nation’s largest producer of <a href="/issue/cotton-in-a-global-economy-mississippi-1800-1860">cotton</a>. Mississippi relinquished that title during the 1840s, but by the eve of the Civil War, the state’s farms and plantations yielded over 535 million pounds of cotton, the most in the United States. The labor of enslaved Africans and African Americans made the dramatic growth in cotton production possible. During the 1830s, Mississippi’s enslaved population increased by nearly 200 percent, exploding from 65,659 to 195,211. The increase was even more dramatic in some counties. For example, the number of enslaved people in Lowndes County leapt from 1,066 to 8,771, while the enslaved population of Noxubee County—which had been carved out of the Choctaw cession—stood at 7,157 by the end of the decade.</p> <p>The vast majority of these enslaved men and women came from Maryland and Virginia, where decades of tobacco cultivation and sluggish markets were eroding the economic foundations of slavery, and from older seaboard slave states like North Carolina and Georgia. These enslaved people were shipped along the coast to markets in New Orleans and <a href="/issue/the-forks-of-the-road-slave-market-at-natchez">Natchez</a> or were marched overland. Others came down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers carried by planters and speculators who were hoping to take advantage of the booming market in cotton and enslaved people. Although precise figures are unavailable, one early historian of slavery in Mississippi estimated that over 100,000 enslaved people were brought into the state by traders during the 1830s. Advertisements posted by slaveowners and county jailors offer a glimpse of the destruction wrought by the domestic slave trade. In February 1836, for example, the <em>Vicksburg Register</em> announced the arrest of Aleck, a young man of thirteen or fourteen years, who had been carried to a plantation in Warren County by Wesley Newberry, a trader from Georgia. That same month, <em>The Mississippian</em> [Jackson, Miss.] carried an advertisement for a man named Cheesman. Before his capture, this twenty-nine-year old bondsman had been purchased by one John Avery, a “speculator in Negroes,” from the neighborhood of Giles County, Tennessee.</p> <p>In 1836, President Andrew Jackson applied a strong, and ultimately destructive, corrective to the speculative mania that had raged in the Southwest. Terrified of the “frauds, speculations, and monopolies” that had come to characterize land sales, Jackson issued the Specie Circular, which declared that public lands must be purchased with hard currency. At the same time, the directors of the Bank of England were growing increasingly suspicious of the poorly capitalized and unregulated rural banks and cotton merchants that were the lynchpins of the Atlantic cotton trade. When the Bank of England hiked its interest rates, American lenders followed suit, and rates soared to 37 percent in the late summer and fall. Banks on both sides of the Atlantic collapsed and dragged down English textile manufacturers, who could no longer afford to purchase American cotton. The Panic of 1837 had begun, and with it the Flush Times of the 1830s came to a calamitous end.</p> <p>Surveying the wreckage of the panic, Natchez barber, businessman, and aspiring <a href="/issue/free-people-of-color-in-colonial-natchez-1700-1798" rel="noopener" target="_blank">free Black</a> planter William Johnson—himself the child of an enslaved woman—wrote, “Times are Gloomy and sad to day. Money is no money . . . I know not what will become of us . . . terrible times.” A Virginian residing in Kemper County offered a bleak assessment of planters’ prospects after the collapse. The combination of “over-trading in every respect” and the “operation of the government in deranging the whole currency of the country” had plunged Mississippi into ruin. “Negroes have fallen considerably,” he wrote, adding that “the system of selling them on a credit [had] advanced their value so enormously.”</p> <p>The expulsion of Native Americans and influx of White settlers with enslaved people brought about a revolution in the state’s political culture. By 1831, it was clear that the Constitution of 1817 could no longer accommodate the state’s growing population, nor did it reflect the impending shift of political power north to the Choctaw and Chickasaw cessions. The <a href="https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-mississippi-constitution-of-1832" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Constitution of 1832">Constitution of 1832</a> was, in many ways, the embodiment of Jacksonian Democracy. It eliminated property requirements for voters and elected officials, and it declared that all judges and almost all county and state officials would be chosen by popular election. The Natchez aristocracy, which had controlled Mississippi politics since the territorial days, regarded the new document with dread. One former Supreme Court justice scoffed, “Our constitution is the subject of ridicule in all the States where it is known. It is referred to as a full definition of mobocracy.” The expansion of the franchise gave birth to a vibrant, if somewhat raucous, political culture. Looking back on his childhood in antebellum Kemper County, Eb Felton remembered what happened when men gathered at courthouses and at the polls. “It was a great time,” he recalled. While the judges and attorneys attended to legal matters and politicians harangued for votes, “all the rest got out and swapped horses and got drunk and fought.” While the political process became more open, politics also became more focused. During the 1830s, Mississippi’s elected officials began constructing a full-throated defense of slavery that would become a mainstay throughout the remainder of the antebellum decades.</p> <p><em>Max Grivno is an associate professor of history at the University of Southern Mississippi.</em></p> <h2>Other <em>Mississippi History <span class="caps">NOW</span></em> articles:</h2> <p><a href="/issue/chickasaws-the-unconquerable-people">Chickasaws: The Unconquerable People</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/cotton-and-the-civil-war">Cotton and the Civil War</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/cotton-in-a-global-economy-mississippi-1800-1860">Cotton in a Global Economy: Mississippi</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/the-forks-of-the-road-slave-market-at-natchez">The Forks of the Road Slave Market at Natchez</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/free-people-of-color-in-colonial-natchez-1700-1798">Free People of Color in Colonial Natchez</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/mushulatubbee-and-choctaw-removal-chiefs-confront-a-changing-world">Mushulatubbee and Choctaw Removal: Chiefs Confront a Changing World</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>Sources and suggested readings</h3> <p>Baptist, Edward E. <em>The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism</em>. New York: Basic Books, 2014.</p> <p>Johnson, Walter. <em>River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom</em>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2014.</p> <p>Moore, John Hebron. <em>The Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom in the Old Southwest: Mississippi, 1770-1860</em>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1988.</p> <p>Rothman, Adam. <em>Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South</em>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005.</p> <p>Rothman, Joshua D. <em>Flush Times and Fever Dreams: A Story of Capitalism and Slavery in the Age of Jackson</em>. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1020.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Map of the lands in Mississippi ceded by Chickasaws in 1832 and 1834. Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, File 8152-1-map.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Map of ceded Chickasaw land in the 1830s&quot;}" role="button" title="Map of the lands in Mississippi ceded by Chickasaws in 1832 and 1834. Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, File 8152-1-map." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7140-bMKz5pECGjQ" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Map of the lands in Mississippi ceded by Chickasaws in 1832 and 1834. Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, File 8152-1-map.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Map of ceded Chickasaw land in the 1830s&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1020.jpg" width="535" height="434" alt="Map of ceded Chickasaw land in the 1830s" title="Map of the lands in Mississippi ceded by Chickasaws in 1832 and 1834. Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, File 8152-1-map." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1021.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Advertisement for slave sales at the Forks of the Road from the Natchez Daily Courier, November 27, 1858. (The “Louisiana Guarantee” refers to that state’s more generous buyer-protection laws concerning the slave trade.) Below, similar advertisement for mules. Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Advertisement for slave sales at the Forks of the Road in Natchez&quot;}" role="button" title="Advertisement for slave sales at the Forks of the Road from the Natchez Daily Courier, November 27, 1858. (The “Louisiana Guarantee” refers to that state’s more generous buyer-protection laws concerning the slave trade.) Below, similar advertisement for mules. Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7140-bMKz5pECGjQ" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Advertisement for slave sales at the Forks of the Road from the Natchez Daily Courier, November 27, 1858. (The “Louisiana Guarantee” refers to that state’s more generous buyer-protection laws concerning the slave trade.) Below, similar advertisement for mules. Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Advertisement for slave sales at the Forks of the Road in Natchez&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1021.jpg" width="679" height="768" alt="Advertisement for slave sales at the Forks of the Road in Natchez" title="Advertisement for slave sales at the Forks of the Road from the Natchez Daily Courier, November 27, 1858. (The “Louisiana Guarantee” refers to that state’s more generous buyer-protection laws concerning the slave trade.) Below, similar advertisement for mules. Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1022.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;A drawing from the February 15, 1862, edition of Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, depicts the “picking, ginning, and shipping” of cotton. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-116585.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;1862 Drawing depicting cotton production&quot;}" role="button" title="A drawing from the February 15, 1862, edition of Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, depicts the “picking, ginning, and shipping” of cotton. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-116585." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7140-bMKz5pECGjQ" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;A drawing from the February 15, 1862, edition of Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, depicts the “picking, ginning, and shipping” of cotton. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-116585.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;1862 Drawing depicting cotton production&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1022.jpg" width="535" height="690" alt="1862 Drawing depicting cotton production" title="A drawing from the February 15, 1862, edition of Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, depicts the “picking, ginning, and shipping” of cotton. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-116585." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1023.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Cotton pickers in Mississippi, mid-1800s. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-49307.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Cotton pickers in Mississippi, mid-1800s&quot;}" role="button" title="Cotton pickers in Mississippi, mid-1800s. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-49307." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7140-bMKz5pECGjQ" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Cotton pickers in Mississippi, mid-1800s. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-49307.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Cotton pickers in Mississippi, mid-1800s&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1023.jpg" width="535" height="588" alt="Cotton pickers in Mississippi, mid-1800s" title="Cotton pickers in Mississippi, mid-1800s. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-49307." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 20 Jul 2015 20:28:26 +0000 usnext 7140 at http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov